|
JANUARY 1918
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
TUESDAY
1st JANUARY |
DIPLOMACY
3rd -
Ukraine delegation reaches Brest-Litovsk (see November 21st, 1917, and
February 1st, 1918).
4th - British Government in message to the King of the
Hejaz declare intentions with regard to future status of Palestine (see
December 17th, 1917, and February 4th, 1918).
4th -
Russian Bolshevik Government and French and Swedish Governments
recognise the independence of Finland (see 10th, and
December 6th, 1917).
5th - Negotiations again suspended on Russian front.
Bolshevik demand made for meetings to be held at Stockholm (see 8th, and
December 6th, 13th and 22nd, 1917).
BRITAIN
2nd - Air Ministry formed in Great Britain.
3rd - The
Air Council takes over functions of Air Board (see May 17th, 1916, and
November 29th and December 21st, 1917).
5th - British Premier (Mr. Lloyd George) in speech to
Trade Union delegates outlines British War Aims (see 24th, and December 28th,
1917).
BELGIUM
1st - M. Hyams succeeds Baron de
Broqueville as Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs (see
August 4th, 1917).
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WESTERN
FRONT
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ARABIA
1st - Arab forces begin Actions for Et Tafile,
(see 28th).
|
MERCHANT
SHIPPING
4th -
Allied request for handing over of Dutch ships in Allied parts formulated
(see March 7th).
U-BOAT
WARFARE
4th -
British hospital ship "Rewa" (below -
Pat Gariepy) sunk by
submarine in Bristol Channel.
NORTH RUSSIA (plan - below)
(link to Admiralty despatch on
operations in 1918)
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MONDAY
7th JANUARY
|
DIPLOMACY
8th - Russian Bolshevik Government withdraw demand for
transfer to Stockholm and resume negotiations at Brest-Litovsk (see 5th and
22nd).
10th -
British Government assure Russian Bolshevik Government of their support in
the creation of an independent Poland (see April 5th, 1917, and February
20th, 1918).
10th - Danish and Norwegian Governments
recognise the independence of Finland (see 4th).
12th - Latvia declares independence (see November 11th).
13th - Estonian Government issue declaration of
independence (see November 28th, 1917, and February 25th and November 11th,
1918).
UNITED STATES
8th - President Wilson delivers Message to Congress laying
down the "Fourteen Points" (see February 11th).
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WESTERN
FRONT
|
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PERSIA
8th - Qasr-i-Shirin (Western
Persia) occupied by British forces (see July 8th, 1917).
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MONDAY
14th JANUARY |
RUSSIA
18th -
Russian Constituent Assembly again meet in Petrograd (see 19th, and December
18th, 1917).
19th -
Russian Constituent Assembly again forcibly dissolved by Bolsheviki
(see 18th, and December 13th, 1917).
PERSIA
19th -
Mustaufi ul Mamalek
succeeds Ain ed
Douleh as Persian Prime Minister (see November 24th,
1917, and May 3rd, 1918). Mushaver
ul Mamalek succeeds Ala
es Sultaneh as Persian Foreign
Minister (see June 6th, 1917, and August 10th, 1918).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
S.M.S. "Breslau" (Maritime Quest) |
H.M.S. "Raglan" (Photo Ships) |
Operations in the Aegean (Corbett, Vol 3, Map Case No.5) |
BRITISH COASTAL RAID
14th - German destroyers bombard Yarmouth (Norfolk).
AEGEAN (plan - left)
20th -
Naval action outside the Dardanelles. German cruiser "Breslau"
(far left) and
British monitor "Raglan" (far left) sunk. "Goeben"
strikes mine and is beached (see 27th).
|
MONDAY
21st JANUARY |
DIPLOMACY
22nd -
Russian Bolshevik Government accuse Central Powers of falsification of
reports of proceedings (see 8th and 23rd).
23rd -
Negotiations between Russian Bolshevik Government and Central Powers once
more suspended (see 8th, 22nd and 30th).
24th -
Count Hertling and Count Czernin
(German Imperial Chancellor and Austrian Foreign Minister) make public
replies to statements of President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd George on War Aims
(see 5th and 8th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
24th -
Lieut.-General The Hon. Sir H. A. Lawrence appointed
Chief of the General Staff, British Expeditionary Force, France (Did not take
up appointment till the 27th.) (see 27th).
27th -
Lieut.-General Sir L. E. Kiggell,
Chief of the General Staff, British Expeditionary Force, France, resigns (see
24th, and December 22nd, 1915).
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PERSIA
27th -
General Dunsterville's Mission leaves Baghdad for
North-West Persia (see February 17th).
|
AEGEAN
27th - The "Goeben"
refloated inside the Dardanelles (see 20th).
DEAD SEA,
PALESTINE
27th -
Turkish Dead Sea Flotilla seized by Arab camelry at
El Mezraa'.
|
MONDAY
28th JANUARY |
DIPLOMACY
28th -
Russian Bolshevik Government sever diplomatic relations with Rumania.
30th -
Negotiations between Russian Bolshevik Government and Central Powers again
resumed (see 23rd, and February 10th). |
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ARABIA
28th -
Actions for Et Tafile by the Arab forces end (see
1st).
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 151 ships of 307,299 tons gross. (Lloyd's War
Losses)
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FEBRUARY 1918.
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
FRIDAY
1st FEBRUARY |
DIPLOMACY
1st -
Central Powers recognise the Ukraine Republic (see
9th, and November 20th, 1917).
3rd -
British Government announce enlargement of powers of Supreme War Council at
Versailles (see November 7th, 1917, and December 1st, 1917).
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WESTERN
FRONT
|
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PERSIA
1st -
Extension of the British East Persia Cordon (see July 29th, 1915) into
Khorasan begins. (In relief of Russian forces withdrawn
by Bolshevik Government.)
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MONDAY
4th FEBRUARY
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DIPLOMACY
4th - British Government make declaration to King of the
Hejaz reaffirming their pledges as to freeing the Arab peoples (see October
24th, 1915, December 15th, 1916, December 17th, 1917, and January 4th, 1918).
6th - German Government send ultimatum to Rumania
demanding peace negotiations within four days (see 25th).
9th - Peace
signed at Brest-Litovsk between Bulgaria, Central Powers and Turkey and the
Ukraine Rada; also supplementary Treaty between
Central Powers and The Ukraine; borders of new Ukrainian State defined (see
1st, and January 3rd).
10th - M. Trotski announces that
state of war between Russia and Central Powers, Bulgaria and Turkey is ended,
but that Russia will not sign formal peace treaty (see 18th, and January 30th).
RUMANIA
6th -
M.
Bratianu, Bumanian Premier,
resigns (appointed January 14th, 1914) (see 9th).
9th - New
Rumanian Cabinet formed, with General Averescu as
Premier and Foreign Minister (see 6th, and March 12th).
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WESTERN
FRONT
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RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
4th - General Alexeiev with Don
Cossacks moves towards Moscow against the Bolshevik forces (see 13th).
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U-BOAT WARFARE
5th - British S.S. "Tuscania," (below - Photo Ships) carrying United States troops, sunk by
submarine off Irish coast. The only loss sustained by U.S.
transports when under British naval escort.
|
MONDAY
11th FEBRUARY |
UNITED
STATES
11th -
President Wilson delivers Message to Congress laying down four additional
Points (see January 8th and October 6th). |
WESTERN
FRONT
|
RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
13th - General Alexeiev defeated
by the Bolsheviki (see 4th); General
Kaledin commits suicide.
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PERSIA
17th - General Dunsterville's
Mission reaches Enzeli (North-West Persia) (see May
21st, 1915, January 27th and April 1st, 1918).
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MERCHANT SHIPPING
15th - Representatives of Allied Governments arrange
establishment of the "Allied Maritime Transport Council" (see
December 3rd, 1917, and March 11th, 1918).
BRITISH COASTAL RAID
16th - Dover shelled by German submarine.
STRAITS OF DOVER
15th - Third German destroyer raid in Straits of Dover
(night 15th/16th). (see April 20th, 1917).
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MONDAY
18th FEBRUARY |
DIPLOMACY
19th -
Russian Bolshevik Government notify willingness to sign Peace Treaty with
Germany (see 18th and 28th).
20th -
British Foreign Minister (Mr. Balfour) informs Polish National Committee that
Great Britain does not accept the treaty between The Ukraine, and Central
Powers (see 9th, January 10th, and June 3rd).
BRITAIN
18th -
General Sir W. Robertson, Chief of the British Imperial General Staff,
resigns (see 19th, and December 23rd, l915).
19th - General Sir H. H. Wilson appointed
Chief of the British Imperial General Staff (see 18th).
21st - Ministry of Information formed in Great
Britain.
23rd - Inter-Allied Labour
and Socialist Conference in London pass resolution as to War Aims.
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
EASTERN
FRONT
18th -
Armistice terminates on Russian front.
18th -
Hostilities resumed by German armies (see 10th and 19th). Dvinsk
taken by German forces.
24th -
Dorpat, Estonia occupied by German forces (see December
26th). |
CAUCASUS FRONT
24th - Trebizond
retaken by Turkish forces (see April 17th, 1916).
PALESTINE FRONT
21st -
Jericho taken by British forces (19th/21st).
|
CRUISER
WARFARE
24th -
German raider "Wolff " returns to Germany (see December 1st, 1916).
|
MONDAY
25th FEBRUARY |
DIPLOMACY
25th - Peace negotiations begun at Bukharest
(see 6th, and March 5th).
25th - Military Convention signed at Bobruisk between
Germany and Poland.
25th - British Government inform M. Tonisson
that they are prepared provisionally to recognise
the independence of Estonia until the future status of Estonia is settled by
the Peace Congress (see January 13th and November 11th).
28th - Negotiations again resumed between Russian
Bolshevik Government and Central Powers: hostilities nominally cease (see
18th, 19th, and March 3rd).
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WESTERN
FRONT
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EASTERN FRONT
25th - Pernau,
Reval, and Pskov taken by German forces (see 18th).
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PERSIA
25th - Kirmanshah, Western
Persia occupied by British forces (see March 11th, 1917).
|
U-BOAT WARFARE
26th - British hospital ship "Glenart
Castle" sunk by submarine in the Bristol Channel (see March 1st, 1917).
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 142 ships of 321,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War
Losses)
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MARCH 1918.
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
FRIDAY
1st MARCH |
DIPLOMACY
1st -
Treaty of Peace and Amity signed between the Finnish Social Republic of Workmen
and the Russian Federal Soviet Republic.
3rd - Peace signed between Bolshevik Russia and Central
Powers, Bulgaria and Turkey at Brest-Litovsk, together with supplementary
treaties by the signatories (see 14th and 18th, February 28th and August 27th).
3rd - German Government notify Swedish Government of
occupation of the Aaland Islands (see 2nd).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
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EASTERN FRONT
2nd - Kiev captured by German forces (see December 20th).
|
PERSIA
3rd – Meshed occupied by troops of British East
Persia Cordon. (Approximate date.)
|
BALTIC SEA
2nd - German force landed in the Aaland Islands at request
of Finnish Government (see 3rd).
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MONDAY
4th MARCH |
DIPLOMACY
5th - Preliminary treaty of peace between Rumania and the
Central Powers, Bulgaria and Turkey signed at Buftea
(see December 9th, 1917, and February 25th and May 7th, 1918).
7th - Peace signed at Berlin between Germany and Finland.
9th -
Treaty of Peace signed between Rumania and Bolshevik Russia (see 5th).
RUSSIA
8th - M. Chicherin appointed
Russian Foreign Minister and M. Trotski appointed
Minister for War (see November 8th, 1917).
|
WESTERN FRONT
AVIATION
7th - First German aeroplane
raid on England undertaken on moonless night (see July 20th).
|
EASTERN FRONT
4th - Narva, Estonia occupied
by German forces (see November 28th).
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MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT (plan - below)
9th - Hit, on the Euphrates occupied by British forces.
Lower Mesopotamia (Corbett, Vol 3, Map Case No.1)
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
7th - Final Allied Note presented to Netherlands
Government re surrender of Dutch
ships in Allied ports (see 18th, and January 4th).
U-BOAT WARFARE
10th -
British hospital ship "Guildford Castle" attacked by German
submarine in Bristol Channel, but reaches port.
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MONDAY
11th MARCH |
DIPLOMACY
14th - Congress of Soviets meet at
Moscow to ratify treaty of peace with Central Powers (see 3rd).
15th - German Government proclaim protectorate over an
independent Kurland.
RUMANIA
12th - General Averescu,
Rumanian Premier and Foreign Minister, resigns (see 21st, and February 9th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
EASTERN FRONT
13th - Odessa occupied by German forces (see December
11th).
17th
- Nicolaiev
captured by German forces (see April 8th).
|
CAUCASUS FRONT
12th - Erzerum retaken by
Turkish forces (see February 16th, 1916).
PERSIA
16th -
Hamadan, West Persia evacuated by the Russian regular forces (see March 2nd,
1917).
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MERCHANT SHIPPING
11th - First meeting of the Allied Maritime Transport
Council (see February 15th).
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MONDAY
18th MARCH |
DIPLOMACY
18th -
Entente Governments issue Note refusing to recognise
Russo-German peace treaty (see 3rd and 14th).
RUMANIA
21st - M. Marghiloman appointed
Rumanian Premier (see 12th, and November 8th). M. Constantino
Arian appointed Rumanian Foreign Minister (see 12th, and November 8th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
21st - First Battles of the Somme, 1918, begin with Battle
of St. Quentin (21st/23rd) (see November 18th, 1916, and April 5th, 1918).
23rd - Paris first shelled by long-range gun (from
Crepy-en-Valois, 75 miles distant) (see August 15th).
24th -
First Battle of Bapaume (24th/25th):
Bapaume and Peronne taken by
German forces (see March. 17th and 18th; 1917, and August 20th and September
1st, 1918). |
|
PALESTINE FRONT
21st - Passage of the Jordan by British forces
(21st/23rd).
24th - First action of Es Salt, Palestine
(24th/25th).
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CONTRABAND CONTROL
20th - Allied Blockade Committee formed.
MERCHANT SHIPPING
18th - Dutch Government accept with reservations the
Allied terms for use of Dutch shipping in United States and Entente ports
(see 7th and 21st).
21st - Dutch ships in British ports requisitioned by
British Government, and Dutch ships in United States ports requisitioned by
United States Government (see 18th).
NORTH SEA
21st - Destroyer action in North Sea between Allied and
German flotillas (see October 17th, 1914).
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MONDAY
25th MARCH |
DIPLOMACY
26th -
"Doullens Agreement" concluded. Decision
taken to appoint General Foch to co-ordinate efforts of British and French
Armies (see April 14th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
First Battles of the Somme, 1918,
continue.
25th -
Noyon taken by German forces (see March 18th, 1917, and
August 29th, 1918).
26th - Albert, Chaulnes,
and Roye taken by German forces (see March 17th,
1917, and August 22nd and 27th, 1918).
27th -
Battle of Rosieres (Somme) (26th/27th).
27th -
Montdidier taken by German forces (see August 10th).
28th - First Battle of Arras, 1918 (see August 26th).
|
EASTERN FRONT
29th – Poltava captured by German forces.
AVIATION
25th - German airship raid on Naples from the
Dalmatian coast.
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PALESTINE
FRONT
27th -
First British attack on Amman, Palestine (27th/30th).
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
26th
-Action of Khan Baghdadi (26th/27th).
28th - Ana occupied by British forces.
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 186 ships of 366,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War
Losses)
|
APRIL 1918
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
MONDAY
1st APRIL |
BRITAIN
1st - Royal
Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Services of Great Britain amalgamated and
established a separate service as the Royal Air Force.
|
WESTERN FRONT
First Battle of Arras, 1918
continues.GGG
4th - Battle of the Avre
(France).
5th - Battle of the Ancre, 1918,
brings to an end the First Battles of the Somme, 1918 (see March 21st).
|
EASTERN FRONT
3rd – Ekaterinoslav (South Russia) taken
by German forces.
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
4th -
Sarikamish, Russian Caucasus occupied by Turkish forces
(see January 2nd, 1915).
5th – Van, Armenia retaken by Turkish forces (see
May 19th, 1915).
PERSIA
1st -
Enzeli evacuated by the Russian regular forces (see
February 17th).
|
BALTIC SEA
1st -
German Expeditionary Force for Finland leaves Danzig (see 3rd).
3rd - German Expeditionary Force lands in South Finland at
Hango (see 1st, 13th, and December 16th).
4th - British submarines at Helsingfors
destroyed to avoid capture (3rd/4th) (see 3rd).
SIBERIA
5th - Japanese and British marines land at Vladivostok
(see August 2nd and 3rd).
|
MONDAY
8th APRIL |
DIPLOMACY
9th - Count
Mirbach appointed German Ambassador at Moscow (see
July 6th).
9th - National Council of the Moldavian Republic
(Bessarabia) pass Act of Union with Rumania, with stipulation for local
autonomy (see 16th, December 23rd, 1917, and December 10th, 1918).
10th - Settlement Treaty between Germany and Turkey
ratified at Berlin (see January 11th, 1917].
10th - Agreement reached between Italy and the
Yugo-Slavs ("Pact of Rome").
11th - French Government publish text of Emperor of
Austria's letter to Prince Sixte of Bourbon
proposing peace negotiations (see 15th, and March 31st, 1917).
13th - United Diets of Baltic Provinces adopt resolution
to form themselves into a separate State within the German Empire.
BRITAIN
10th - Third Military Service Act passed in British
Parliament. Military age limit raised to 50, and
Conscription extended to Ireland (see 18th, and June 8th, 1916).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
9th -
Battles of the Lys begin (see 29th): Battle of Estaires
(9th/11th): Neuve Chapelle
taken by German forces.
10th - Battle of Messines, 1918 (10th/11th): Messines
taken by German forces (see June 14th, 1917, and September 28th, 1918).
11th - Armentieres and Merville
taken by German forces (see October 11th and 17th, 1914, August 19th and
October 3rd, 1918).
12th - Battle of Hazebrouck
(Lys) begins (see 15th).
12th - Field-Marshal Sir Douglas Haig issues Order of the
Day to the British Army in France on the serious situation ("Backs to
the Wall" order).
13th - Battle of Bailleul (Lys)
begins (see 15th).
14th - General Foch appointed Commander-in-Chief of Allied
Armies in France. The Belgian forces were not placed under the command of
General Foch. (see March 26th, August 6th, and
November 5th).
AVIATION
12th - Last airship raid over England in which casualties
were inflicted (27) (see January 19th, 1915, and August 5th, 1918).
|
EASTERN FRONT
8th - Kharkov captured by German forces.
FINLAND
13th – Helsingfors captured
by German forces (12th/14th) (see 3rd and 4th).
13th - Finnish Government announce that all German troops
landed in Finland had been despatched at their
request.
|
|
U-BOAT WARFARE
10th - Monrovia, Liberia bombarded by a German submarine
(see August 4th, 1917).
|
MONDAY 15th APRIL
|
DIPLOMACY
16th - The
Ukraine Government issue protest against union of Bessarabia and Rumania (see
9th and 23rd).
BRITAIN
18th - Third Military Service Act comes into operation in
Great Britain (see 10th).
20th - Lord Derby, Secretary of State for War, Great
Britain, resigns (see December 11th, 1916). Viscount Milner appointed
Secretary of State for War, Great Britain.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
15th -
Count Czernin, Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister,
resigns (see 17th, and December 22nd, 1916).
17th - Baron Burian succeeds
Count Czernin as Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister
(see 15th and October 25th).
17th -
Dr. Wekerle, Hungarian
Premier, resigns (see 27th, and August 21st, 1917).
JAPAN
21st - Viscount Motono, Japanese
Minister for Foreign Affairs, resigns (see 22nd, and November 21st, 1916).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of the Lys
continues.
15th - Battle of Hazebrouck
ends (see 12th).
15th - Battle
of Bailleul ends (see 13th): Bailleul
taken by the German forces (see October 14th, 1914, and August 30th, 1918).
16th -
Passchendaele reoccupied by German forces (see November
6th, 1917, and September 29th, 1918).
17th - First Battle of Kemmel
Ridge (Lys) begins (see 19th).
18th - Battle of Bethune (Lys).
19th - First Battle of Kemmel
Ridge ends (see 17th and 20th).
|
EASTERN FRONT
19th - German forces enter the Crimea.
|
CAUCASUS
FRONT
15th –
Batum, Georgia occupied by Turkish forces (see
December 27th).
|
NORTH SEA
15th - Raid
by British naval light forces on the Kattegat (see November 2nd, 1917).
|
MONDAY
22nd APRIL |
DIPLOMACY
22nd - The
Trans-Caucasian Council decide to declare independence (night 22nd/23rd) (see
September 20th, 1917, and May 6th and 26th, 1918).
23rd - Russian Bolshevik Government issue protest against
union of Bessarabia and Rumania (see 9th and 10th, and December 10th).
23rd - Guatemala declares war on Germany (see April 27th,
1917).
HUNGARY
27th - Dr. Wekerle again
appointed Hungarian Prime Minister (see 17th, and October 24th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
Battles of the Lys
continues.
24th - Actions of Villers-Bretonneux
(Somme) (24th/25th).
26th - Second Battle of Kemmel
Ridge (25th/26th): Mount Kemmel stormed by German
forces (see 19th, and August 31st).
27th - First contingent of Italian troops arrive on the
French front. (Approximate date.)
|
|
CAUCASUS FRONT
27th – Kars, Georgia occupied by Turkish forces.
Zeebrugge (Newbolt, Vol 5, pp247)
|
BELGIAN COAST
23rd – Zeebrugge Raid: Blocking raid by British
naval light forces on Ostend and Zeebrugge (see May
9th).
(plan - left)
Blockships expended at Zeebrugge: -
cruisers "Thetis" (below - Photo Ships), "Intrepid", "Iphigenia"
Blockships lost off Ostend - cruisers "Sirius",
"Brilliant"
(link to British despatches, RN awards and casualties)
|
MONDAY
29th APRIL |
DIPLOMACY
29th -
German Government establish a military dictatorship in The Ukraine. General
Skoropadski proclaimed Hetman (see May 9th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
29th - The
Battle of the Scherpenberg brings to an end the
Battles of the Lys (see 9th).
|
FINLAND
30th -
Viborg captured by German forces and Finnish White Guards
(see 13th).
|
PALESTINE
FRONT
30th -
Second action of Es Salt , Palestine, begins (see May 4th).
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 129 ships of 280,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War
Losses)
|
MAY 1918
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
WEDNESDAY
1st MAY |
DIPLOMACY
4th -
Armistice signed at Korenevo between Russia and The
Ukraine (German-Ukrainian Command) (see June 12th).
IRELAND
5th -
Field-Marshal Lord French appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (see December
15th, 1915).
PERSIA
3rd - Samsam es
Sultaneh succeeds. Mustaufi
ul Mamalek as Persian
Prime Minister [see 31st, and January 19th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
EASTERN FRONT
1st - Sevastopol taken by German forces (April 30th/May
1st).
|
PALESTINE FRONT
4th - Second action of Es Salt ends (see April 30th).
|
CONTRABAND CONTROL
2nd - Agreement concluded regarding export of sand and
gravel from The Netherlands for German use (see July 15th).
RUSSIAN NAVY
1st - Part of Russian Black Sea Fleet seized by the
Germans (see June 21st, 1917, and June 18th and November 26th, 1918).
|
MONDAY
6th MAY |
DIPLOMACY
6th -
Turko-German delegates arrive at Batum
to negotiate peace with the Georgians and Armenians (see April 22nd, May
26th, and June 8th).
7th - Final Treaty of Peace signed between Rumania and
Bulgaria, Central Powers and Turkey (see March 5th), together with various
supplementary treaties between the separate contracting parties (see November
10th).
8th - Nicaragua declares war on Germany and on
Austria-Hungary (see May 18th, 1917).
11th - Peace signed in Berlin between Finland and Turkey.
12th - Military Treaty ("Waffenbund")
signed between Germany and Austria-Hungary.
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
EASTERN FRONT
8th - Rostov (South Russia) captured by German forces.
FINLAND
7th - Frederickshamn, South
Finland captured by Finnish White Guards: End of the Finnish Civil War. The
civil war may be said to have begun about March 1st, 1918.
|
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
7th -
Kirkuk taken by British forces (see 24th). |
CONTRABAND CONTROL
9th - Joint Trade Committee of Entente Powers formed in
Holland.
BELGIAN COAST
9th – Ostend Raid. Blocking attack on Ostend. H.M.S.
"Vindictive" (below, after Zeebrugge Raid - Jon Richards) sunk to block the harbour
(see April 23rd).
(link to British despatches, RN awards and casulties)
|
MONDAY
13th MAY |
DIPLOMACY
15th -
Agreement between Entente Powers, Japan, and China against German penetration
in Far East announced
16th - Agreement signed at Peking between China and Japan
for military co-operation against German and Bolshevik aggression (see 19th).
IRELAND
17th - Sinn Fein leaders arrested in Ireland and interned
(see 25th).
PORTUGAL
15th - Dr. S. B. O. da
Paes, Portuguese Premier, resigns (see 16th, and December
10th, 1917).
16th - Senhor J. T. de Souza
Barboza, appointed Portuguese Secretary of the Interior.
(The appointment, of Premier lapsed between May 15th and December 23rd.
During this period the functions of the office were performed
by the Secretary of the Interior.) (see 15th,
and December 22nd).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
AVIATION
18th - First British retaliatory air raid on German towns.
Cologne bombed by day.
19th - Last German night aeroplane
raid on London in which casualties were inflicted; 49 killed and 177 wounded.
(There were altogether nineteen aeroplane raids on
London during which bombs were dropped, and one air reconnaissance during
which no bombs were dropped.) (see May 7th, July
7th, and October 19th, 1917, and August 5th, 1918).
19th - German air raid on British camps and hospitals at
Etaples; heavy casualties.
|
|
CAUCASUS FRONT
18th - Alexandropol, Georgia occupied
by Turkish forces.
|
NAVAL AGREEMENT
19th - Agreement signed between China and Japan for naval
co-operation (see 16th).
SPECIAL NAVAL FORCES
14th -
Italian naval raid (using "climbing boats") on Pola Harbour.
BRITISH COASTAL RAID
15th - German submarine bombards St. Kilda (Hebrides).
|
MONDAY
20th MAY |
DIPLOMACY
23rd - Costa Rica declares war on Germany (see September
21st, 1917).
25th - British Government publish account of Irish-German
plots (see 17th).
26th - Trans-Caucasian Federal Government (see September
20th, 1917, and April 22nd, 1918), dissolved. Georgia declares Independence
and forms a National Government. Armenian National Council assume
charge of Armenian affairs (see June 8th). Tatar National Council proclaim
establishment of a "Republic of Azerbaijan."
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
|
MESOPOTAMIAN FRONT
24th - Kirkuk evacuated by the British forces (see 7th,
and October 25th).
|
NORTH RUSSIA
24th - General F. C. Poole lands at Murmansk to
organise the North Russia Expeditionary Force (see June
4th, 8th and 23rd).
|
MONDAY
27th MAY |
DIPLOMACY
29th - Peace Treaty signed at Vienna between
Austria-Hungary and Finland.
BELGIUM
31st - M. G. Cooreman succeeds
Baron de Broqueville as Belgian Prime Minister
(Baron de Broqueville was appointed in 1911) (Baron
de Broqueville and M. Cooreman
presided over the Cabinet without the title of Prime Minister (see November
21st).) (see November 21st).
|
WESTERN FRONT
27th - Battle of the Aisne, 1918 ("Third Battle of
the Aisne"), begins (see June 6th).
27th - Craonne again taken by
German forces (see May 4th, 1917, and October 12th, 1918).
29th - Soissons again taken by German forces (see 27th,
and August 2nd).
30th - Fère-en-Tardenois taken
by German forces (see 27th, and July 28th).
31st - German forces reach the Marne. Château-Thierry and
Dormans captured (see July 21st).
|
BALKAN FRONT
31st - Battle of the Skra
di Legen, Macedonia.
|
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 147 ships of 306,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War
Losses)
|
JUNE 1918
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
SATURDAY
1st JUNE
|
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Battle of the Aisne, 1918 continues.
|
EASTERN
FRONT
|
|
|
MONDAY
3rd JUNE |
DIPLOMACY
3rd -
British, French, and Italian Governments make declarations supporting
national aspirations of Poles, Czecho-Slovaks, and
Yugo-Slavs (see February 20th, June 29th, August 13th,
September 25th, and November 16th).
4th - The Don Cossacks declare independence.
8th - Russian Bolshevik Government order Entente forces in
North Russia to leave the country (see 30th, and May 24th).
8th - Georgian Government and Armenian National Council
sign peace treaties with Turkey (see May 6th and 20th). Georgian Government
sign peace treaty with Germany (see May 6th and 26th).
9th - First sitting of Anglo-German Conference at The
Hague on prisoners of war.
|
WESTERN FRONT
6th - Battle of the Aisne, 1918, ends (see May 27th).
9th - Battle of the Matz
begins (see 14th).
AVIATION
5th - British Independent Air Force in France constituted
under tactical command of Major-General Sir H. M. Trenchard.
|
BALKAN FRONT
6th - General Guillaumat, Allied
Commander-in-Chief, Salonika, Greece, recalled to Paris (see 15th and 18th,
and December 22nd, 1917).
|
SIBERIA
7th - Omsk occupied by Czecho-Slovak
forces (see November 18th).
|
U-BOAT or MINE WARFARE
6th - Dutch hospital ship "Koningen
Regentes" sunk by mine or
torpedo.
NORTH RUSSIA
4th - British Marines land at Pechenga
(North Russia) (see May 24th).
7th - British force lands at Kem
(North Russia) (see May 24th).
BLACK SEA
8th - German Expeditionary Force to the Caucasus lands at
Poti, Georgia.
|
MONDAY
10th JUNE |
DIPLOMACY
12th - Armistice concluded at Kiev between the whole State
of The Ukraine and Russian Bolshevik Republic (see May 4th).
FRANCE
15th - General Guillaumat
appointed Governor of Paris (see 6th).
|
WESTERN FRONT
14th - Battle of the Matz ends
(see 9th).
|
EASTERN FRONT
12th – Tiflis, Georgia occupied by a German force
(see 8th, and December 27th).
ITALIAN FRONT
15th - Battle of the Piave
begins (see 24th).
|
CAUCASUS FRONT
12th - Kurdamir, East Caucasus occupied by Turkish forces.
PERSIA
14th - Tabriz, North Persia again occupied by Turkish
forces (see January 30th, 1915).
|
COASTAL FORCES WARFARE
10th - Naval action off Premuda
Island. Austrian battleship "Szent
Istvan" (below - Photo Ships) sunk by Italian motor launch.
|
MONDAY
17th JUNE |
AUSTRIA
21st - Dr.
Ernst Ritter von Seidler, Austrian Premier, resigns
(see June 23rd, 1917).
BULGARIA
18th - M.
Radoslavov, Bulgarian Premier, resigns (date of
appointment July 20th, 1913). M. Malinov appointed
Premier and Foreign Minister.
PERSIA
20th -
Samsam es Sultaneh
reappointed Persian Prime Minister (see May 31st and August 3rd).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
BALKAN
FRONT
18th -
General Franchet d'Esperey
appointed Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces, Salonika (see 6th).
|
|
RUSSIAN
NAVY
18th -
Russian battleship "Svobodnaya
Rossiya" (left - Photo Ships) destroyed in Black Sea to avoid surrender
to the Germans (see May 4th).
NORTH
RUSSIA
23rd - British Expeditionary Forces "Syren" and "Elope" join the North Russian
Expeditionary Force at Murmansk (see 4th, May 24th and July 20th).
|
MONDAY
24th JUNE |
DIPLOMACY
29th -
United States Government announce their view that all branches of the Slav
races should be completely freed from German and Austrian rule (see 3rd).
30th - Treaty signed between the Czecho-Slovaks
and Italy, by which Italy recognises
Czecho-Slovak Council and their jurisdiction over
nationals.
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
NORTH
RUSSIAN INTERVENTION
30th - Murman Railway from
Murmansk to Soroki seized by Allied forces
(29th/30th) (see 23rd).
30th -
Murman Soviet (Sovdep) decide
to support the Entente against the Bolshevik Government (see 8th, and July
7th and November 20th).
ITALIAN
FRONT
24th -
Battle of the Piave ends (see 15th).
30th - First contingent of United States troops arrive in
Italy (see November 3rd and 4th, 1917).
|
|
U-BOAT
WARFARE
27th - British hospital ship "Llandovery
Castle" sunk by submarine off Irish coast.
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 119 ships of 263,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War
Losses)
|
JULY 1918
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
MONDAY
1st JULY
|
DIPLOMACY
4th -
Siberian Council declare Independence (see 6th).
6th - Declaration of Siberian Independence cancelled (see
4th).
6th - German Ambassador at Moscow (Count
Mirbach) murdered (see April 9th).
7th - Agreement signed between France, Great Britain,
United States of America, and Murman
Sovdep concerning Allied expedition to
Murman Coast (see June 30th).
TURKEY
3rd -
Sultan Mohammed V of Turkey dies. Mohammed VI succeeds to the throne (see
November 14th, 1914).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
BALKAN FRONT
6th - French and Italian forces begin offensive in Albania
(see 10th and 22nd).
|
EAST AFRICA
1st -
Affair of Nyamakura. Near Quelimane, Portuguese East Africa. This was the most southerly point reached by Colonel
von Lettow-Vorbeck's force. (1st/3rd).
(link to part of British despatch)
|
NORTH RUSSIA
Railway System in North Russia (Newbolt, Vol 5, pp320) |
MONDAY
8th JULY |
DIPLOMACY
12th -
Haiti declares war on Germany (see June 16th, 1917).
GERMANY
9th -
Admiral von Hintze succeds
Herr von Kuhlmann as German Foreign Minister (see
August 5th, 1917, and October 4th, 1918).
SIBERIA
10th - New Government formed at Vladivostok under General
Horvat (see August 24th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
BALKAN
FRONT
10th -
Berat, Albania taken by Italian forces (see 6th, and
February 17th, 1916).
|
SIBERIA
13th -
Irkutsk occupied by Czecho-Slovak forces
(see October 14th).
14th -
Kazan, East Russia captured by Czecho-Slovak
forces.
|
JAPANESE
NAVY
12th -
Japanese battleship "Kawachi" destroyed
by internal explosion.
U-BOAT WARFARE
British Anti-Submarine Sweep (Newbolt, Vol
5, pp340) |
MONDAY
15th JULY |
DIPLOMACY
19th -
Honduras declares war on Germany (see May 17th, 1917).
BRITAIN
18th - Sir L. Worthington-Evans succeeds Lord Robert Cecil
as British Minister for Blockade (see February 23rd, 1916).
AUSTRIA
16th - Field-Marshal Conrad von Hotzendorff,
Commander-in-Chief, Austro-Hungarian Armies, relieved of his command.
RUSSIA
16th -
Ex-Tsar Nicholas II, ex-Tsaritsa, and family
murdered at Ekaterinburg (see March 15th, 1917).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
15th -
Fourth Battle of Champagne begins (see 18th, and April 17th, 1917).
18th -
Fourth Battle of Champagne ends (see 15th).
18th -
Second Battle of the Marne begins (see August 7th).
20th -
German forces retreat across the Marne (see 18th).
21st -
Chateau-Thierry retaken by Allied forces (see 18th, 20th, and May 31st).
AVIATION
20th - Last
attempt to attack the British Isles with aeroplanes
(unsuccessful) (There were altogether 59 aeroplane
raids against the British Isles during which bombs were dropped. There were
also 11 reconnaissance flights over parts of Great Britain or in the vicinity
of the coast when no bombs were dropped. See also footnotes against entries
of May 19th and August 5th.) (see December 21st,
1914, and August 5th, 1918).
|
|
TRANS-CASPIA
19th - British operations in Trans-Caspia
(Turkmenistan) begin (see August 26th).
PERSIA
20th -
British defence of Resht, North-West Persia.
|
CONTRABAND
CONTROL
15th -
British Government protest against "Sand and Gravel Agreement"
between Germany and The Netherlands (see May 2nd).
MINE
WARFARE
19th -
United States cruiser "San Diego" (below) sunk by mine off Fire Island, Atlantic coast.
|
MONDAY
22nd JULY |
DIPLOMACY
26th -
British Government declare to M. Petrov that they
have no intention of infringing the territorial integrity of Russia (see
August 6th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Second Battle of the Marne
continues.
23rd -
Battle of Soissonais and Ourcq
begins (see August 2nd). (British dates.)
28th -
Fere-en-Tardenois retaken by Allied forces (see May
30th).
|
BALKAN
FRONT
22nd -
Allied offensive in Albania, checked (see 6th, 10th, and August 22nd).
|
RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
26th
- Coup d'etat in
Baku: Bolshevik Government replaced by Central Caspian Dictatorship.
|
NORTH RUSSIA
26th - Bulk of French Expeditionary Force troops join the
North Russia Expeditionary Force at Murmansk (see June 23rd).
|
MONDAY
29th JULY |
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Second Battle of the Marne
continues. |
EASTERN FRONT
30th - Field-Marshal von Eichhorn,
commanding German Army in The Ukraine, assassinated in Kiev (see April 29th).
|
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 115 ships of 274,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War
Losses)
|
AUGUST 1918
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
THURSDAY
1st AUGUST |
DIPLOMACY
2nd -
Japanese Government decide to land troops at Vladivostok (see 11th, and April
5th).
PERSIA
3rd -
Samsam es Sultaneh,
Persian Prime Minister, resigns (see 7th, and June 20th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Second Battle of the Marne
continues.
2nd -
Battle of Soissonais and Ourcq
ends (see July 23rd).
2nd -
Soissons retaken by Allied forces (see May 29th).
|
NORTH
RUSSIAN INTERVENTION
1st -
Allied Expeditionary Force attack and capture the defences
of Archangel (see 2nd).
2nd -
Pro-Entente reyolution in Archangel. Entente forces
enter the town (see 1st).
|
CASPIAN INTERVENTION
4th - British force arrives at Baku (Caspian Sea) (see
26th, and July 19th).
4th - Bolshevik Committee at Enzeli,
Persia
arrested by British military authorities.
|
U-BOAT
WARFARE
3rd -
British ambulance transport "Warilda"
sunk by submarine.
SIBERIA
3rd -
British troops land at Vladivostok (see 2nd, and April 5th).
|
MONDAY
5th AUGUST |
DIPLOMACY
6th -
British Government issue Declaration to Russian peoples, stating that they
have no intention of interfering in Russian politics (see July 26th).
8th -
British Government inform Finnish Government that they are in no way hostile
to Finnish aspirations on the Murman Coast and in
Karelia.
FRANCE
6th -
General Foch created Marshal of France.
PERSIA
7th - Vossuq ed
Douleh appointed Persian Prime Minister (see 3rd,
and May 29th, 1917).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
7th -
Second Battle of the Marne ends (see July 18th).
8th -
Battle of Amiens begins (see 11th).
8th -
Battle of Montdidier begins (see 15th).
AVIATION
5th - Last
attempt to attack England with airships (unsuccessful—
"L.-70" destroyed) (see January 19th, 1915, and April 12th and July
20th, 1918). (There were altogether 51 airship raids against the British
Isles during which bombs were dropped. There were also 8 attempted raids
which either did not reach the coast, or which, for some other reason, failed
in action. There were also 59 aeroplane attacks in
which bombs were dropped (see July 20th), and 11 aeroplane
reconnaissances. Total number of air raids in which
bombs were dropped was 110.)
|
|
|
U-BOAT
WARFARE
7th -
French cruiser "Dupetit Thouars"
(below - Photo Ships) sunk by submarine in the Atlantic.
|
MONDAY
9th AUGUST |
PERSIA
10th -
Mushaver ul Mamalek,
Persian Foreign Minister, resigns (see 11th, and January 19th).
11th - Mushaver
ul Mamalek reappointed Persian
Foreign Minister (see 10th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Battle of Montdidier continues.
10th -
Montdidier retaken by French forces (see 8th, and March
27th).
11th - Battle of Amiens ends (see 8th).
AVIATION
11th - German airship "L.-53" destroyed off
Frisian coast. Last German airship to be destroyed.
|
|
SIBERIAN INTERVENTION
11th - First Japanese contingents arrive at Vladivostok
(see 2nd and 24th, and September 5th).
|
|
MONDAY
12th AUGUST
|
DIPLOMACY
13th - The
Czecho-Slovaks declare War on Germany.
13th -
British Government recognise the
Czecho-Slovaks as an Allied nation (see June 3rd and
September 3rd).
CZECHO-SLOVAKIA
17th - Slovene National Council meet at Ljubljana (Laibach) (see November 2nd).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
15th - Battle of Montdidier ends
(see 8th).
15th - Last bombardment of Paris by German long-range gun
(see March 23rd).
17th - Second Battle of Noyon
begins (see 29th).
18th - British advance in Flanders begins: Action of
Outtersteene Ridge.
|
|
TRANS-CASPIA
15th - Action of Bairam Ali: Trans-Caspian Government defeated
by Bolshevik forces.
18th - Merv taken by Bolshevik forces (see November 1st).
|
GERMAN NAVY
13th -
Admiral von Capelle, German Minister of Marine,
resigns (see 15th, and March 15th, 1916).
15th - Vice-Admiral von Behnke
appointed German Minister of Marine (see 13th). |
MONDAY
19th AUGUST |
SIBERIA
24th - Coup d'etat by
General Horvat at Vladivostok (see July 10th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Second Battle of Noyon
continues.
19th -
Morville retaken by British forces (see April 11th).
21st -
Second Battles of the Somme, 1918, begin with the Battle of Albert, 1918
(21st/23rd) (see September 3rd).
22nd -
Albert recaptured by British forces (see 21st, and March 26th).
|
BALKAN
FRONT
22nd -
Austrian forces begin counter-offensive in Albania (see July 6th and 22nd).
|
SIBERIAN
INTERVENTION
24th -
Battle of Dukhovskaya, Eastern Siberia
(23rd/24th). Bolsheviki decisively defeated by
Allied forces. (Japanese, with one British battalion.)
|
|
MONDAY
26th AUGUST
|
DIPLOMACY
27th -
German and Russian Bolshevik Governments conclude complementary treaty of
peace (see March 3rd).
BRITAIN
30th - Lieut.-General Sir G. E.
N. Macready, Adjutant-General, Home Forces, Great Britain, resigns (see
February 22nd, 1916, and September 11th, 1918).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Second Battles of the Somme, 1918,
continue.
26th -
Second Battles of Arras, 1918, begin with Battle of the Scarpe,
1918 (see 30th, March 28th and September 3rd).
27th -
Roye recaptured by British forces (see March 26th).
29th - Bapaume retaken by
British forces (see March 24th).
29th - Noyon retaken by French
forces (see March 25th). Second Battle of Noyon
ends (see 17th).
30th - Battle of the Scarpe,
1918, ends (see 26th)
30th - Bailleul retaken by
British forces (see April 15th).
31st - Second Battle of Bapaume
begins (see March 24th and September 3rd).
31st - German forces evacuate Mount Kemmel
(see April 26th).
|
BALKAN
FRONT
26th -
Berat, Albania retaken by Austrian forces (see 22nd, and
July 10th and October 1st).
|
CASPIAN
INTERVENTION
26th -
Defence of Baku , Caspian Sea against Turkish attack
begins (see 4th, July 19th and September 15th).
27th -
British force occupies Krasnovodsk on Caspian Sea.
TRANS-CASPIA
28th - Affair near Kaakhka.
|
ROYAL NAVY
31st - Captain Cromie, R.N.,
British Naval Attache, murdered by Bolsheviki in
British Embassy, Petrograd.
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 151 ships of 283,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War
Losses)
|
SEPTEMBER 1918
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
SUNDAY
1st SEPTEMBER |
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Continuing:
Second Battles of the Somme, 1918.
Second Battles of Arras, 1918.
Second Battle of Bapaume.
1st - Péronne retaken by British
forces (see. March 24th).
|
|
|
|
MONDAY
2nd SEPTEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
3rd -
United States Government recognises the
Czecho-Slovaks as possessing a
de facto Government (see August 13th and October 21st).
CHINA
4th - Hsu-Shih-Chang elected President of China (see
October 11th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
2nd -
Battle of the Drocourt-Queant Line (2nd/3rd).
3rd -
Second Battles of the Somme, 1918, end (see August 21st).
3rd -
Second Battles of Arras, 1918, end (see August 26th).
3rd - Lens
occupied by British forces (see October 4th, 1914).
3rd -
Second Battle of Bapaume ends (see August 31st).
|
NORTH
RUSSIAN INTERVENTION
4th – Obozerskaya occupied
by Allied forces (see August 2nd).
|
SIBERIAN INTERVENTION
5th - Khabarovsk, Eastern Siberia taken by Japanese
forces (see 18th and August 11th).
|
NORTH
RUSSIA
2nd -
Italian contingent lands at Murmansk to join Allied Expeditionary Force (see
July 26th).
4th - United States contingent lands at Murmansk to join
Allied Expeditionary Force (see 2nd).
|
MONDAY
9th SEPTEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
15th -
Austrian Government send Note to President Wilson suggesting an "unofficial"
peace conference (see 16th, and January 12th, 1917).
15th -
German Government make definite peace offer to Belgium (see January 10th and
12th, 1917).
BRITAIN
11th -
Lieut.-General Sir G. M. W. Macdonogh
appointed Adjutant-General, Home Forces, Great Britain (see August 30th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
12th -
Battle of St. Mihiel (12th/13th).
12th -
Battles of the Hindenburg Line (see October 9th) begin with Battle of
Havrincourt.
|
NORTH
RUSSIAN INTERVENTION
11th -
Ukhtinskaya,
Murman front captured by Allied forces.
12th -
Actions of Chamova (Archangel front) begin (see
14th).
14th -
Actions of Chamova end (see 12th).
BALKAN
FRONT
15th - Battle of the Dobropolje, Macedonia begins.
Called by the Serbs "Battle of the
Moglenitza." (see 16th).
|
CASPIAN
INTERVENTION
14th -
British evacuation of Baku begins (see 15th, and August 26th).
15th - Baku
finally evacuated by the British forces (night 14th/15th) (see August 26th
and November 17th).
|
|
MONDAY 16th SEPTEMBER
|
DIPLOMACY
16th -
President Wilson replies to the Austrian Note rejecting suggestion for a
peace conference (see 15th, and October 4th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Battles of the Hindenburg Line continue.
18th - Battle of Epehy.
AVIATION
16th - Last
German aeroplane raid on Paris (see August 30th,
1914).
|
BALKAN
FRONT
16th - Battle of the Dobropolje
ends (see 15th).
18th - Battle of Monastir-Doiran
(see 24th), including Battle of Doiran, 1918),
begins (see 19th).
19th - Battle of Doiran, 1918,
ends (see 18th and 22nd).
22nd - Doiran occupied by
British forces (see 19th, and December 11th, 1915).
|
PALESTINE FRONT
19th - Battles of Megiddo, Sharon and Nablus, begin (see
23rd and 25th).
20th - Nazareth and Beisan
occupied by British cavalry (see 19th).
SIBERIAN INTERVENTION
18th - Blagovyeschensk occupied
by Japanese forces (see 5th)
|
ROYAL NAVY
16th - H.M.S. "Glatton"
(below - Photo Ships) sunk by explosion in Dover harbour.
|
MONDAY
23rd SEPTEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
25th -
Yugo-Slav State recognised as
independent by Italy (see June 3rd and October 5th).
27th -
Bulgarian Government ask Entente Powers for an armistice (see 30th).
JAPAN
28th -
Baron Goto, Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs,
resigns (see 29th, and April 22nd).
29th - Takashi Hara succeeds Count Terauchi as
Japanese Prime Minister (see October 9th, 1916). Count Yasuya
Uchida appointed Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs (see 28th). Lieut.-General Kenichi Oshima,
Japanese Minister for War, resigns (see 30th, and March 30th, 1916).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Battles of the Hindenburg Line continue.
26th -
Battle of Champagne and Argonne begins (see October 15th).
27th -
Battle of the Canal du Nord begins (see October 1st).
28th -
Battle of the Flanders Ridges begins (see October 10th).
28th -
Battle of Ypres, 1918, begins (see November 10th, 1917, and October 2nd,
1918).
28th -
Messines retaken by British forces (see April 10th).
29th -
Battle of the St. Quentin Canal begins (see October 2nd).
29th -
Passchendaele retaken by Allied forces (see 28th, and
April 16th).
29th -
Dixmude retaken by Belgian forces (see November 10th,
1914).
|
BALKAN
FRONT (plan - below)
23rd -
Prilep (South Serbia) taken by French forces (see
November 16th, 1915).
24th -
Battle of Monastir-Doiran ends (see 18th).
25th -
Ishtip (see October 19th, 1915) and Veles
(see October 21st, 1915) retaken by Serbian forces.
The Balkans (Newbolt, Vol 4, pp100) |
PALESTINE
FRONT
23rd -
Ma'an, on Hejaz Railway evacuated by the Turkish
garrison (see 29th).
23rd -
Haifa, Acre, and Es Salt, Palestine occupied by British forces (see 19th).
25th -
British cavalry cut Hejaz railway at Amman.
25th -
Battles of Megiddo end (see 19th).
29th -
Turkish garrison of Ma'an surrenders near Amman
(Palestine) (see 23rd).
EAST AFRICA
29th -
German force in East Africa recrosses the Rovuma
and again enters German territory (see November 25th, 1917, and November 1st,
1918).
|
|
MONDAY
30th SEPTEMBER
|
DIPLOMACY
30th -
Armistice between Bulgaria and Entente Powers signed (see 27th).
30th -
Hostilities between Bulgaria and Entente Powers cease at 12 noon.
GERMANY
30th -
Count Hertling, German Imperial Chancellor, resigns
(see October 30th, 1917, and October 4th, 1918).
JAPAN
30th -
Lieut.-General Giichi
Tanaka appointed Japanese Minister for War (see 29th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Continuing:
Battles of the Hindenburg Line.
Battle of Champagne and Argonne
.
Battle of the Canal du Nord
Battle of the Flanders Ridges.
Battle of Ypres, 1918.
Battle of the St. Quentin Canal. |
|
|
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and
cruisers etc in the month - 96 ships of 191,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War
Losses)
NORTH
RUSSIA
30th -
Canadian contingent lands at Archangel to join Allied Expeditionary Force
(see August 2nd).
|
OCTOBER 1918
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
TUESDAY
1st OCTOBER |
DIPLOMACY
4th -
German and Austro-Hungarian Governments send Notes to President Wilson proposing
an armistice (see 8th and 18th). (The German note was
received by President Wilson on October 6th and the Austrian on
October 7th.)
4th -
Austro-Hungarian Government send Note to President Wilson proposing an
armistice (see 27th, and September 16th).
GERMANY
4th -
Prince Max of Baden appointed German Imperial Chancellor, and succeeds
Admiral von Hintze as Foreign Minister (see
September 30th, July 9th, and November 9th).
YUGOSLAVIA
5th - Yugo-Slav delegates meet
at Agram and decide on the formation
of a United National Council (see 29th, and September
25th).
BULGARIA
4th - King
Ferdinand of Bulgaria abdicates in favour of his
son Prince Boris (see September 30th and November 1st).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
Continuing:
Battles of the Hindenburg Line.
Battle of Champagne and Argonne
.
Battle of the Flanders Ridges.
1st -
Battle of the Canal du Nord ends (see September 27th).
1st - St.
Quentin retaken by French forces (see September 27th).
2nd -
Battle of Ypres, 1918, ends (see September 28th).
2nd -
Battle of the St. Quentin Canal ends (see September 29th).
3rd -
Battle of the Beaurevoir Line begins (see 5th).
3rd -
Armentieres retaken by British forces (see April 11th).
5th -
Battle of the Beaurevoir Line ends (see 3rd).
|
NORTH
RUSSIAN INTERVENTION
3rd -
Action near Pyavozero Lake (Murman
front).
4th -
General Ironside takes over command of Allied
forces at Archangel
BALKAN
FRONT
1st -
Berat (Albania) retaken by Italian forces (see August
26th).
5th -
Vranje retaken by Serbian forces (see October 15th,
1915).
|
PALESTINE
FRONT
1st -
Damascus taken by British and Arab forces.
6th - Sidon, Syria occupied by British forces. |
U-BOAT WARFARE
1st -
Allies establish net and mine barrage across Straits of Otranto.
ADRIATIC
2nd -
Durazzo bombarded by Italian and British warships (see
14th, and February 27th, 1916).
|
MONDAY
7th OCTOBER
|
DIPLOMACY
8th -
President Wilson replies to Note of German Government, and demands evacuation
of occupied territories as first condition of armistice (see 4th and 12th).
12th - German Government reply to President Wilson's Note
and accept conditions (see 8th and 14th).
12th - British Government recognise
the Polish National Army as autonomous, allied and co-belligerent.
GERMANY
9th - Major-General Scheuch
succeeds Major-General von Stein as German Minister for War (see October
30th, 1916, and December 17th, 1918).
TURKEY
13th - Izzet Pasha succeeds
Talaat Pasha as Turkish Grand Vizier (see February 4th,
1917).
CHINA
11th - Feng-Kuo-Chang, President
of China, retires (see July 6th, 1917, and September 4th, 1918).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
8th -
Battle of Cambrai, 1918, begins (see 9th).
9th -
Cambrai City captured by British forces (see August 26th,
1914).
9th - End of Battle of Cambrai
(see 8th) brings Battles of the Hindenburg Line to a close (see September
12th).
10th - Battle of the Flanders Ridges ends (see September
28th).
12th - Craonne again captured by
French forces (see May 27th).
13th - Laon and La
Fere retaken by French forces (see August 30th, 1914).
|
BALKAN
FRONT
7th -
Elbasan (Albania) taken by Italian forces (see February
2nd, 1916).
10th - Pristina (Serbia) retaken
by French forces 1915). (see November 23rd).
11th - Prizren (Serbia) retaken
by French forces (see December 1st, 1915).
11th - Nish (Serbia) reoccupied by Allied forces (see
November 5th, 1915).
|
PALESTINE
FRONT
7th -
Beirut, Syria occupied by French forces.
13th - Tripoli, Syria occupied by Allied forces.
TRANS-CASPIA
12th - Action of Dushak.
|
U-BOAT WARFARE
10th - Irish mail boat "Leinster"
(below - Dave Martin) sunk by submarine.
|
MONDAY
14th OCTOBER
|
DIPLOMACY
14th -
President Wilson replies to German Government, attaching further
military conditions to the terms of armistice, and warning against further
breaches of laws of war, and insists on dealing only with a democratic
Government (see 12th and 20th).
14th - Turkish Government Note to President Wilson
proposing an armistice delivered at Washington.
16th - Austrian Emperor issues manifesto proclaiming a
Federal State on the principle of Nationality (excluding Hungary) (see 5th
and 29th).
18th - President Wilson replies to
Austro-Hungarian Note of October 4th (see 27th).
20th - German Government reply to President Wilson's Note
accepting proposals contained therein (see 14th and 23rd).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
14th - Battle of Courtrai begins (see 19th).
14th - Roulers recaptured by
Allied forces (see October 18th, 1914).
15th - Battle of Champagne and Argonne ends (see September
26th).
15th - Menin captured by Allied
forces (see October 9th, 1914).
17th - Ostend (see October 15th, 1914), Lille (see October
12th, 1914), and Douai (see August 26th, 1914) retaken by Allied forces.
17th - Battle of the Selle
begins (see 25th).
19th - Battle of Courtrai ends (see
14th).
19th - Zeebrugge and Bruges
reocoupied by Belgian forces (see October 12th and 14th,
1914).
20th - Belgian coast completely reocoupied
by Allied forces (see October 15th, 1914).
|
BALKAN FRONT
14th - Durazzo (see 2nd), Novi
Bazar (see November 20th, 1915), and Ipek
(see December 6th, 1915) retaken by Italian forces.
|
PALESTINE FRONT
15th – Homs, Syria occupied by British cavalry.
SIBERIAN INTERVENTION
14th - British troops from Vladivostok reach Irkutsk, Siberia (see 18th, and July 13th and August 3rd).
18th - British troops from Vladivostok reach Omsk (see
14th).
|
|
MONDAY
21st OCTOBER |
DIPLOMACY
21st - The
Ban of Croatia refuses offer of Military Governor of Agram
to suppress the Yugo-Slav National Council (see 5th
and 29th).
21st - The
Czecho-Slovaks declare Independence (see August 13th,
September 3rd, and November 14th).
23rd -
President Wilson replies to German Note of the 20th, and agrees to submit the
matter to the Allied and Associated Governments (see 27th, and November 3rd).
27th - Austrian Government ask Italy for an armistice (see
4th, and November 3rd).
27th - German Government acknowledges President Wilson's
Note of October 23rd.
27th - Austro-Hungarian Government submit further Note to
President Wilson asking for immediate armistice "without awaiting the
result of other negotiations" (see 4th and 18th).
GERMANY
27th - General von Ludendorff resigns (see August 29th,
1916).
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
24th - Dr. Wekerle, Hungarian
Premier, resigns (see April 27th and November 1st).
25th -
Count Andrassy succeeds Baron Burian as
Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (see April 17th und November 1st).
YUGOSLAVIA
26th - King of Montenegro issues manifesto in
favour of a confederated Yugo-Slavia
with autonomous States (see 29th, and November 7th and 23rd).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
25th - Battle of the Selle ends
(see 17th).
|
ITALIAN
FRONT
24th -
Battle of Vittorio Veneto begins (see November
4th).
|
PALESTINE FRONT
26th - Aleppo, Syria taken by British forces.
ARABIA
22nd -
Affair of Imad (Aden).
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
23rd -
British advance on Mosul (Mesopotamia) begins (see November 4th).
25th - Kirkuk (Mesopotamia) again taken by British forces
(see May 24th).
|
|
MONDAY
28th OCTOBER |
DIPLOMACY
30th -
Armistice between Turkey and Entente Powers signed at Mudros
(see 31st).
30th - Fiume surrendered to the Croats by the Hungarian
authorities. "National Council of Fiume " proclaim
the independence of the city and announce desire for union with Italy (see
November 5th).
31st - Hostilities between Entente and Turkey cease
at 12 noon (see 30th).
AUSTRO-HUNGARY
31st - Revolutions in Vienna and Budapest (see November
1st, 12th and 16th).
31st - Count Tisza assassinated in Vienna (see May 23rd,
1917).
YUGOSLAVIA
29th -
Yugo-Slav National Council at Agram
repudiate Imperial policy and declare the
independence of the Yugo-Slavs (see 5th, 21st,
26th, and November 7th and 23rd).
30th - Croation Congress (Sabor) unanimously adhere to Yugo-Slav
declaration of independence (see 29th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
|
BALKAN
FRONT
29th - San
Giovanni di Medua
(Albania) occupied by Italian forces (see January 25th, 1916).
31st - Scutari (Albania) retaken by Italian forces (see
January 23rd, 1916).
|
PALESTINE
FRONT
28th -
Muslimiya Junction, north of Aleppo, Syria, occupied by
British cavalry.
MESOPOTAMIAN
FRONT
28th -
Battle of Sharqat begins (see 30th).
30th - Battle of Sharqat ends
(see 28th). Turkish army on the Tigris surrenders.
|
AUSTRIAN NAVY
31st - Austrian Emperor makes over the Austro-Hungarian
Fleet to the Yugo-Slav National Council (see 29th).
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral
ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and cruisers etc in the month - 69
ships of 117,000 tons gross. (Lloyd's War Losses)
|
NOVEMBER 1918
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
FRIDAY
1st NOVEMBER
|
DIPLOMACY
1st -
"State of War" begins between The Ukraine and Poland (see 23rd).
3rd - Allied
Governments agree to Germany's proposal for an armistice and peace on basis
of President Wilson's proposals of January 8th (see 5th and October 23rd).
3rd -
Armistice between Austria-Hungary and the Entente signed (see 4th, 15th, and
October 27th).
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
1st - Baron
von Flotow succeeds Count Andrassy provisionally
as Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (see October 25th, and entry next
above).
2nd -
Administration of Carniola taken over from the Austro-Hungarian authorities
by Slovene leaders (see August 17th).
HUNGARY
1st -
Independent Hungarian Government formed. Count Karolyi
appointed Premier (see October 24th and 31st).
BULGARIA
1st - King
Boris of Bulgaria abdicates (see October 4th). |
WESTERN
FRONT
1st -
Battle of Valenciennes begins (see 2nd).
2nd -
Battle of Valenciennes ends (see 1st and 3rd).
3rd -
Valenciennes occupied by British forces (see 2nd, and
August 25th, 1914).
|
BALKAN FRONT
1st -
Belgrade retaken by Serbian forces (see October 9th, 1915, and December 9th,
1918).
ITALIAN FRONT
3rd -
Trieste occupied by Italian forces.
|
TRANS-CASPIA
1st -
Merv
,
Trans-Caspian, retaken by British and Russian forces (see August
18th).
EAST AFRICA
1st -
German force in East Africa enters Rhodesia and attacks Fife (see 9th, and
September 29th).
|
GERMAN NAVY
3rd - Mutiny breaks out in the German fleet at Kiel (see
August 3rd, 1917).
U-BOAT WARFARE
2nd - Last British merchant vessels, S.S. "Surada" and "Murcia", sunk by submarine
(in the Mediterranean).
SPECIAL FORCES WARFARE
1st - Austrian battleship "Viribus
Unitis" (below - Photo Ships) sunk
by Italian frogmen in Pola
harbour.
NORTH RUSSIA
(link to Admiralty despatch on
North Russian operations, November 1918 to October 1919) |
MONDAY 4th NOVEMBER
|
DIPLOMACY
4th -
Hostilities between Austria-Hungary and the Entente cease (see 3rd and
15th).
5th -
Marshal Foch placed in supreme strategical
direction of all forces operating against Germany on all fronts (see April
14th).
5th -
President Wilson sends final Note to the German Government with Allies
acceptance of armistice proposals (see 3rd and 8th).
8th -
German armistice delegates reach Allied General Headquarters (see 11th, and
October 23rd).
9th - Joint
Declaration by British and French Governments regarding future of Syria and
Mesopotamia.
10th - The
Kaiser crosses the frontier into Holland (see 9th and 28th).
10th - King
of Rumania announces that the Romanian nation have taken up arms again on the
side of the Allies (see December 6th, 1917).
GERMANY
7th -
Bavaria proclaimed a Republic.
9th -
German Imperial Chancellor (Prince Max) announces that the Kaiser has decided
to abdicate. Prince Max becomes Regent. Herr Ebert becomes Imperial
Chancellor (see 10th, 28th, and October 4th).
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
9th - Czech
forces at Ekaterinenburg proclaim national
independence.
SERBIA
6th - King
Peter of Serbia re-enters Belgrade (see 1st, and January 17th, 1916).
YUGOSLAVIA
7th -
Yugo-Slav conference at Geneva decide to form a joint
Yugo-Slav-Serbian Government to control military and
foreign affairs (see 23rd, and October 29th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
4th - Battle
of the Sambre.
4th - Second
Battle of Guise (4th/5th).
6th - Sedan
taken by United States forces (see August 29th, 1914).
8th -
Maubeuge retaken by British forces (see September 7th,
1914).
10th -
Mezieres retaken by French forces (see August 27th,
1914).
10th -
Ghent reoccupied by Belgian forces (see October 12th, 1914).
GERMAN REVOLUTION
9th -
Revolution breaks out in Berlin.
|
RUMANIA
10th -
Allied forces cross the Danube at Ruschuk and enter
Rumania.
ITALIAN
FRONT
4th - Battle of Vittorio
Veneto ends (see October 24th).
|
MESOPOTAMIAN FRONT
4th - Mosul
occupied by British forces (see October 23rd).
EAST AFRICA
9th -
Kasama, Rhodesia taken by Colonel von
Lettow-Vorbeek's force (see 1st and 13th).
|
ROYAL NAVY
5th - H.M.S. "Campania" (below, sinking -
Maritime Quest) sunk by collision in the
Firth of Forth.
U-BOAT WARFARE
9th - H.M.S. "Britannia" sunk by submarine in
the Atlantic (last warship so lost).
ADRIATIC
4th -
Antivari, Montenegro occupied by Italian naval forces (see
January 22nd, 1916).
5th - Fiume
occupied by Italian naval forces (see 18th, and October 30th)
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
.9th -
Alexandretta, Syria occupied by Entente naval forces. |
MONDAY
11th NOVEMBER
|
DIPLOMACY
11th -
Armistice concluded between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany.
Signed in Marshal Foch's special train at Rethondes Station in the Forest of
Compiegne.
11th -
British Government recognise Latvian Provisional
Government as independent (see January 12th).
12th -
German-Austrian Republic proclaimed.
15th -
Hungarian Government (see 1st) concludes separate armistice with General
Officer Commanding Allied Army, General Henry, at Belgrade (see 3rd).
17th -
Yugo-Slav National Council at Agram
protest against the Italian occupation of Fiume (see 5th and 18th).
ESTONIA
11th - New
National Government formed in Estonia (see 16th, and January 13th).
16th - New
National Government in Estonia order general mobilization (see 11th.).
POLAND
16th -
Polish Government (M. Pilsudski) issue declaration proclaiming Poland an
Independent and Sovereign State (see June 3rd).
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
12th -
Emperor of Austria abdicates (see October 31st).
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
14th -
Professor Masaryk elected First President of the Czecho-Slovak
Republic (see October 21st).
HUNGARY
16th -
Hungary declares Independence (see 1st, and October 31st).
17th - M.
Moraczewski appointed Polish Prime Minister (see 16th).
|
WESTERN
FRONT
11th - Mons
retaken by British forces (see August 24th, 1914).
11th -
Hostilities on the Western front cease at 11 a.m. (see 8th, and December
14th).
FRANCE
17th -
Mulhouse (Alsace-Lorraine) again occupied by French forces (see August 25th, 1914).
GERMANY
16th -
Allied Armies begin march into Germany. |
UKRAINE
15th -
General Petlyura commences revolt against The
Ukraine Government (see December 11th).
|
EAST AFRICA
13th -
German force in East Africa reaches the Chambezi
River, Rhodesia. News of armistice received (see
9th, 14th and 25th).
14th -
Hostilities in East Africa cease.
|
ROYAL NAVY
14th - H.M.S. "Cochrane" wrecked at entrance to
Liverpool.
GERMAN NAVY
15th - German cruiser "Koenigsberg"
(below - Photo Ships)
with German naval delegates, enters Firth of Forth to arrange surrender of
the German fleet (see 20th and 21st).
TURKEY
12th -
Allied fleet passes through the Dardanelles (see 13th, and October 30th).
13th -
Allied fleet arrives at Constantinople (see 12th and 21st).
CASPIAN SEA
17th - Baku
again occupied by British forces (see September 15th).
(link to part of British despatch)
MERCHANT SHIPPING
British, Allied and Neutral
ships lost to enemy submarines, mines and cruisers etc in the month to 11
November - 8 ships of 15,000 tons gross. Total for 1918 to date – 1,313
ships of 2,724,000 tons gross.
Grand total for war – 6,927 ships of
13,089,000 tons gross (Lloyd's War Losses)
|
MONDAY
18th NOVEMBER |
DIPLOMACY
21st -
Greek, Serbian, and Rumanian Governments issue circular memorandum announcing
their decision to strengthen the union between the three countries by all
available means.
FRANCE
19th - General Petain created Marshal of France (see May 15th, 1917).
BELGIUM
21st -
Belgian Government reinstated at Brussels (see 18th, and August 17th, 1914).
21st - M.
L. Delacroix succeeds M. Cooreman as Belgian Prime
Minister (see May 31st) and M. Masson succeeds Lieut.-General
de Ceuninck as Minister for "War (see August
4th, 1917). (M. Delacroix was the first Minister to hold the title of Prime
Minister. See note to entry of May 31st.)
YUGOSLAVIA
23rd -
Yugo-Slav National Council vote for union with Serbia and
formation of a common State with Serbia and Montenegro (see 7th, 29th,
October 29th and December 4th).
|
FRANCE
18th - Last
German troops recross French frontier (see August
2nd, 1914)
19th - Metz
(Alsace-Lorraine) occupied by French forces.
BELGIUM
18th - Brussels reoccupied by Belgian forces
(see 21st, and August 20th, 1914).
19th - Antwerp reoccupied by Belgian forces
(see October 10th, 1914).
21st -
Namur occupied by British forces (see August 25th, 1914).
LUXEMBOURG
20th -
Luxembourg frontier crossed by United States forces (see August 2nd, 1914).
GERMANY
24th - British and United States troops reach
German frontier (see December 1st).
|
RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
18th - Counter-revolutionary
coup d'etat at
Omsk. Russian Admiral Kolchak proclaimed "Dictator of all Russia."
20th -
General Marushevski appointed Governor-General and
Commander-in-Chief of Russian forces in North Russia (Archangel) (see June
30th).
UKRAINE
23rd -
Lemberg captured by Polish forces (see 1st)
.ITALIAN
FRONT
18th - Italian troops reinforce naval
detachment in Fiume (see 5th and 17th). |
|
GERMAN NAVY
20th -
First contingent of German submarines surrender to the British Navy at
Harwich (see 15th).
21st -
German High Seas Fleet arrives at Rosyth, en route
for internment in Scapa Flow (see 15th and 20th).
TURKEY
21st -
French troops land in Constantinople (see 13th). |
MONDAY 25th NOVEMBER
|
GERMANY
28th -
Kaiser Wilhelm II signs abdication (see 9th and 10th).
RUMANIA
28th - The
General Congress of The Bukovina decide in favour
of complete union with Rumania (see December 7th).
30th -
Rumanian Government re-established at Bucharest (see December 1st, 1916).
SERBIA
29th -
Montenegrin National Assembly (Skupshtina) meet at
Podgoritsa and vote for union with Serbia (see 23rd).
|
FRANCE
25th - Strasbourg
(Alsace-Lorraine)
occupied by French forces.
BELGIUM
26th - Last
German troops recross Belgian frontier (see August
4th, 1914).
GERMANY
26th -
French troops cross German frontier.
|
ESTONIA
28th -
Narva (Estonia) captured by Bolshevik forces (see March
4th).
ITALIAN FRONT
26th -
United States force enters Fiume (see 17th). |
EAST AFRICA
25th -
German forces in East Africa surrender to Allied forces at Abercorn, Rhodesia (see 13th and 14th). |
BLACK SEA
26th -
Allied fleet arrives at Sevastopol and takes over remainder of the Russian
Black Sea Fleet from the Germans (see 13th, and May 1st).
|
DECEMBER
1918
|
POLITICAL
|
WESTERN
EUROPE |
EASTERN
& SOUTHERN EUROPE |
ASIA &
AFRICA |
NAVAL &
MARITIME |
SUNDAY
1st DECEMBER
|
RUMANIA
1st -
General Coanda appointed Rumanian Premier and
Foreign Minister (see 12th, and November 8th).
1st -
National Assembly of the Rumanians of Transylvania, the Banat and other
districts of Hungary, assembled at Alba-Julia (Transylvania), decree their
union with Rumania (see 7th, 10th, and 27th).
|
GERMANY
1st -
British, and United States troops cross the German frontier (see November
24th). Treves occupied by United States troops. |
|
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MONDAY
2nd DECEMBER
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BRITAIN
4th -
Demobilisation of the British Army begins.
RUMANIA
7th -
Deputation from the National Council of The Bukovina arrives at
Jassy to inform Rumanian Government that National Council
has voted for union with Rumania (see 1st, 10th, and November 28th).
YUGOSLAVIA
4th -
Yugo-Slav National Council at Agram
proclaim the union of all Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in one State (see
November 23rd and 29th).
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GERMANY
6th -
Cologne entered by British troops (see 12th, and November 24th).
8th -
Coblenz occupied by United States troops (see 1st). |
RUMANIA
3rd - Last
Bulgarian troops evacuate the Dobrudja (see
September 2nd, 1916).
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BALTIC SEA
4th - H.M.S. "Cassandra" (below - George
Smith) sunk by mine in the
Baltic (night 4th/5th).
(link to Admiralty despatch on 1919
operations in the Baltic)
CASPIAN SEA
8th - Naval
action in the Caspian between British and Bolshevik vessels.
(link to Admiralty despatch about naval action in May 1919) |
MONDAY
9th DECEMBER
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DIPLOMACY
14th -
Armistice on the Western Front prolonged to January 17th, 1919 (see November
11th).
15th -
Poland severs diplomatic relations with Germany (see November 16th).
PORTUGAL
14th - Dr.
da Silva Paes, Portuguese
President, assassinated (see 16th, and May 9th).
FINLAND
11th -
General Mannerheim elected Regent of Finland (see December 6th. 1917).
RUMANIA
10th - The
Bessarabian National Council abrogate the stipulations
for local autonomy and declare the unconditional union of Bessarabia with
Rumania (see 1st, and April 9th).
12th -
General Coanda, Rumanian Premier and Foreign
Minister, resigns (see 1st and 14th).
14th - M.
Bratianu appointed Rumanian Premier and Foreign Minister
(see 12th).
SERBIA
9th -
Serbian Government reinstated at Belgrade (see May 7th, 1916, and November
1st and 6th, 1918). |
GERMANY
12th -
British troops cross the Rhine at Cologne (see 6th).
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UKRAINE
11th -
Odessa occupied by Petlyura's Ukrainian
revolutionary forces (see 20th, March 13th, and November 15th).
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ARABIA
9th –
Lahej, Southern Arabia reoccupied by British
forces (see July 4th, 1915).
13th -
Hodeida, Southern Arabia taken by British forces. |
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MONDAY
16th DECEMBER
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GERMANY
16th -
First meeting of "Imperial Conference" of Soldiers and Workmen in
Berlin.
PORTUGAL
16th -
Senior Antunes appointed Acting Portuguese
President (see 14th).
SERBIA
20th - M.
Pasich, Premier of Serbia, resigns. (Appointed in 1912) (see 29th).
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FINLAND
16th - Last
German troops leave Finland (see April 3rd).
HUNGARY
16th -
Field-Marshal Mackensen and his forces surrender to
the Hungarians near Budapest.
UKRAINE
20th - Kiev
occupied by Petlyura's Ukrainian revolutionary
forces (see 11th, and March 2nd).
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BLACK SEA
20th -
French troops land at Odessa (see 11th).
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MONDAY
23rd DECEMBER |
PORTUGAL
23rd -
Senhor J. T. de Sousa Barboza
appointed Portuguese Premier and Minister of Interior (see 22nd).
RUMANIA
27th - King
of Rumania issues Proclamation annexing the Rumanian provinces of
Austria-Hungary (see 1st).
YUGOSLAVIA
29th - M.
Stoyan Protich appointed Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (see 4th and
20th).
UKRAINE
26th - Formation of West Ukraine Republic announced (see
November 20th, 1917).
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ESTONIA
26th -
Dorpat (Estonia) evacuated by the German forces (see
February 24th).
RUSSIAN
CIVIL WAR
24th - Perm
(East Russia) taken by Kolchak's forces (see November 18th).
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CASPIAN
INTERVENTION
27th -
Batum, Georgia occupied by British forces. This force
subsequently occupied the whole of Georgia, with headquarters at Tiflis.
(see April 15th).
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MONDAY
30th DECEMBER |
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NORTH
RUSSIAN INTERVENTION
30th - Kadish (North Russia)
taken by Allied forces.
RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
30th - Birsk (East Russia) taken
by Kolchak's forces (see 24th).
31st - Ufa and Sterlitamak (East Russia) taken by
Bolshevik forces.
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