M-Class destroyer
ordered from Parsons Marine Steam
Turbine Company with the 1939 Programme on 7th
July 1939 with HMS MARTIN of the same Class.
Build of
the hull was sub-contracted to
Vickers-Armstrong shipyard at Newcastle and
this ship was laid down on
23rd October 1939. She was launched on 30th
October 1949 as the 2nd RN ship to bear this
name, introduced
for a destroyer built in 1915 to commemorate
the Battle of the Marne and sold in 1920.
Completion of build was
2nd December 1941 at a cost of £457,512,
excluding items such as armament and
communications outfits
supplied by the Admiralty. After a successful
WARSHIP WEEK National Savings campaign in
March 1942 this
destroyer was adopted by the civil community
of Keighley, then in the West Riding of
Yorkshire.
B
a t t l e H o n o u r s
JUTLAND 1916 -
ARCTIC 1942-44 - MALTA
CONVOYS 1942 - NORTH AFRICA 1942 - AEGEAN 1944
H
e r a l d i c D a t a
Badge: On a
Field Blue, a dolphin naiant within a Chaplet
of Gold.
D
e t a i l s o f
W a r S e r v i c e
(for more
ship information,
go
to
Naval History Homepage
and
type name in Site Search)
1
9 4 1
November
Contractors trials and
commissioning
2nd
Build completion date and commenced
acceptance trials
On
completion of storing,
weapon trials and shakedown took passage to
Scapa Flow
to work-up for
operational service with ships of the Home
Fleet.
Nominated for
service with 17th Destroyer Flotilla.
December
12th
Commenced work-up at Scapa Flow
31st
On completion of work-up joined
Flotilla in Home Fleet and deployed for escort
of
convoys to and
from Iceland.
1
9 4 2
January
North Atlantic convoy escort in
continuation.
February
During deployment in North
Atlantic defects experienced with boiler
equipment and
leaks in forward
structure. Repair arranged at Vickers shipyard
at Barrow-in Furness.
Took passage to
Barrow for repair.
25th
Taken in hand for repair.
March
21st
On completion of repair took passage
to Reykjavik to resume operational duties with
Flotilla.
27th
Joined HM Destroyers ASHANTI,
BEDOUIN, ECHO, ESCAPADE, ESKIMO,
FAULKNOR,
FORESIGHT, ICARUS, INGLEFIELD, ONSLOW, PUNJABI
and
TARTAR,
HM Escort Destroyers
LEDBURY, MIDDLETON and WHEATLAND as
screen for HM
Battleships KING GEORGE V and DUKE OF YORK, HM
Battlecruiser
RENOWN, HM
Aircraft Carrier ILLUSTRIOUS. HM Cruisers
EDINBURGH and KENT.
(Note: This
large RN presence was being retained in
northern waters as a show of
strength
in view of the increased threat of attack by
German warships on
allied
supply
convoys between Iceland and North Russia. The
German warships
included
the battleship TIRPITZ, armoured ship ADMIRAL
SCHEER and
cruiser
HIPPER.)
28th
Deployed with screen for Home
Fleet units providing distant cover for the
passage of
Russian
Convoy PQ13 and return Convoy QP9
(For details
of all Russian Convoy operations and ships
involved see THE RUSSIAN
CONVOYS by B Schoefield,
CONVOYS TO RUSSIA
by
RA Ruegg, CONVOY
! by
P Kemp and
ARCTIC CONVOYS by R Woodman.)
April
Arctic deployment in
continuation.
10th
Joined Ocean Escort for return
Convoy QP10 from Kola Inlet with HM Destroyers
FURY, PUNJABI
and ORIBI.
11th
Under air and submarine attacks
(Note: Two mercantles
sunk by air attack.
12th
Air and submarine attacks in
continuation.
to
(Note: Two mercantiles
were sunk by U435. See above references and
HITLER’S
13th
U-BOAT WAR by C Blair.
Seven
submarines and over 50 aircraft were involved.
21st
QP10 arrived at Reykjavik
and resumed Flotilla screening duties for Home
Fleet units.
28th
Part of screen for HMS KING GEORGE
V, US Battleship USS WASHINGTON,
HM Aircraft
Carrier VICTORIOUS, HMS KENYA, US Cruisers USS
TUSCALOOSA
and USS WICHITA
with HM Destroyers ESCAPADE, FAULKNOR, MARTIN,
ORIBI,
HM Escort Destroyers
BELVOIR, HURSLEY, LAMERTON and MIDDLETON to
provide
Distant Cover for transit of Russian Convoy
PQ15 and return Convoy QP11.
(See above
references.)
May
1st
Extensive fog
encountered
(Note: During
this period a collision between USS WASHINGTON
and this ship
was
narrowly averted but HMS PUNJABI sank after
collision with HMS
KING
GEORGE
V.)
13th
Deployed with HM Destroyers
ECLIPSE, ESCAPADE, FAULKNOR, FURY, ICARUS
INGLEFIELD
and ONSLOW, HM Escort Destroyers BLANKNEY,
LAMERTON,
MIDDLETON and
WHEATLAND as screen for HMS DUKE OF YORK, HMS
VICTORIOUS,
HM Cruisers LONDON, KENT, LIVERPOOL, NIGERIA
and
NORFOLK to
provide cover for return passage of HM Cruiser
TRINIDAD which
was returning
to UK from North Russia for repair.
15th
Resumed Flotilla duties on return
to Scapa Flow.
23rd
Deployed with HM Destroyers ONSLOW
and ORIBI as screen for HM Cruisers
KENT,
LIVERPOOL, NIGERIA and NORFOLK providing
Cruiser Cover for
passage of
Russian Convoy PQ16 to Murmansk and returning
Convoy QP12
in
Arctic.
June
Nominated for
detached service as escort for military convoy
WS19Z and took
passage from
Scapa Flow to Clyde (Operation HARPOON.)
5th
Sailed from Clyde as escort for
WS19Z with HM Cruisers LIVERPOOL and
KENYA, HM
Destroyers BEDOUIN, ESCAPADE, ICARUS, ONSLOW
and
MATCHLESS, HM
Escort Destroyers BADSWORTH, BLANKNEY,
MIDDLETON
and Polish
Escort Destroyer ORP KUJAWIAK.
12th
After refuelling at Gibraltar
joined HM Destroyers BEDOUIN, MATCHLESS,
ITHURIEL and
PARTRIDGE, HM Escort Destroyers BADSWORTH,
BLANKNEY,
MIDDLETON and
ORP KUJAWIAK, HM Fleet Minesweepers HEBE,
SPEEDY,
HYTHE and RYE
for Close Escort of WS19Z through Sicilian
Narrows to Malta
as
Force X.
(Note: Cover
for HARPOON convoy during passage to Narrows
was provided by
Force
W comprising HM Battleship MALAYA, HM Aircraft
Carriers
EAGLE
and
ARGUS, HM Cruisers KENYA, LIVERPOOL and
CHARYBDIS
screened by HM Destroyers ONSLOW,
ICARUS,
ESCAPADE, WISHART,
WESTCOTT.
WRESTLER, VIDETTE and ANTELOPE.
HM
Cruiser WELSHMAN was also with WS19Z during
early part of transit in
western
Mediterranean but detached and took passage
independently to Malta with
relief
supplies.
For
details see THE BATTLE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN by
D Macintyre,
MALTA
CONVOYS by R Woodman and ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE
CLOSELY
by C Barnett.)
14th
Attacks by Italian submarines
UARSIEK and ALAGI failed.
During heavy
and sustained air attacks mercantile ss
TANIMBAR was sunk
and HMS
LIVERPOOL damaged.
One aircraft destroyed
by Oerlikon fire from ship.
(Note: HMS
LIVERPOOL withdrawn from covering force and
returned to Gibraltar
escorted
by HMS ANTELOPE.)
15th
Under attack by Italian cruisers
MONTECUCCOLI and EUGENIO.
Detached from
escort and engaged enemy ships with the other
Fleet Destroyers during
which period
convoy was subject to heavy air attacks and
sustained loss of one mercantile
and serious
damage to two others which had to be sunk by
the escort.
For details
see Naval Staff History.
Returned to
convoy when enemy ships withdrew.
(Note:
Whilst engaging enemy force HMS BEDOUIN and
HMS PARTRIDGE
were
both damaged when making torpedo attacks. HMS
BEDOUIN was
taken
in
tow by HMS PARTRIDGE but was later sunk when
hit by a
torpedo
during air attacks. HMS PARTRIDGE was able to
escape and
returned to Gibraltar.)
16th
Under further air attacks on final
passage into Malta.
(Note:
During entry into Grand Harbour with the two
remaining mercantiles
ORP
KUJAWIAK was sunk by a mine with
HMS BADSWORTH and
HMS
MATCHLESS both damaged in the same field.
These two destroyers
had
to remain in Malta for repair and did not
return with Force X.
The
arrival of the two mercantiles enabled Malta
to survive until the
PEDESTAL
relief convoy arrived in August.
17th
Passage
from Malta with Force X to
rejoin Force W west of the Narrows,
(Note: Under
air attacks during return passage
sustained slight
damage from near misses.)
19th
Arrived at Gibraltar with Forces W
and X.
(Note Only
18% of Fuel remained
due to periods of steaming at
high speed.).
22nd
Took passage from Gibraltar with
detached Home Fleet ships to resume Flotilla
duties
at Scapa Flow.
28th
Nominated for screening of Home Fleet
ships providing Distant Cover for
transit of
Russian Convoy PQ17 and return convoy QP13.
29th
Deployed
with HM Destroyers ASHANTI,
ESCAPADE, MARTIN, FAULKNOR
ONSLOW and
ONSLAUGHT, HM Escort Destroyers BLANKNEY,
MIDDLETON and
WHEATLAND, US Destroyers MAYRANT and
RHIND
as screen for HMS
DUKE OF YORK, USS WASHINGTON,
HMS
VICTORIOUS, HM Cruisers NIGERIA and CUMBERLAND
during
provision of Distant Cover.
July
4th
Remained in Arctic Sea with Home Fleet
covering force when PQ17
ordered to
scatter by Admiralty because of a perceive
threat of attack
by major
German warships including the battleship
TIRPITZ.
(Note: For
details of this disastrous decision see THE
CONVOY IS TO
SCATTER
by J Broome and above references.)
7th
Returned to Iceland with Home Fleet
units.
13th
Passage to Scapa
Flow.
20th
Deployed with HM Destroyer MARTIN, HM
Escort Destroyers MIDDLETON
and BLANKNEY
to take ammunition and other stores to
Murmansk for RN
ships
waiting to escort return convoy from Kola
Inlet.
24th
Arrived at Kola Inlet after call at
Seidisfjord, Iceland.
August
Deployed in North Russian
waters.
15th
Joined HMS ONSLAUGHT, US Cruiser USS
TUSCALOOSA, US Destroyers
RODMAN and
EMMONS with HMS MARTIN in position 800 miles
from
Archangel to
supplement escort during final stage of inward
passage to Kola Inlet.
(Note:
These ships were carrying RAF ground crews and
equipment to Russia
for
support of HAMPDEN aircraft based in North
Russia and also
medical
personnel and equipment for use in North
Russia.)
16th
Arrived at Archangel with US ships.
(Note: Medical personnel were not allowed to
land and returned in ships of QP14.)
21st
Rescued crew of CATALINA aircraft which
had crashed.
24th
Took passage with US Navy ships from
Archangel.
(Some
survivors from Russian Convoy PQ17 were
embarked.)
25th
Detached with HMS ONSLAUGHT and HMS
MARTIN from USN ships
to carry out
search for German minelayer ULM which was
known to be
in the area,
based on decrypted signal traffic..
Intercepted
and engaged enemy ship with main armament
which sank in
position 100
miles east of Bear Island.
28th
On return to Scapa Flow taken in hand
for repair by Fleet Repair personnel.
September.
Transferred to 3rd Destroyer
Flotilla with
HM Destroyers METEOR,
MILNE and
MUSKETEER.
9th
On completion of repair joined HM
Destroyers ASHANTI, ESKIMO, FURY,
FAULKNOR,
IMPULSIVE,
INTREPID, MARTIN, METEOR, MILNE, ONSLOW,
OFFA ONSLAUGHT,
OPPORTUNE, SOMALI, TARTAR, HM Cruiser
SCYLLA.
and HM
Escort Aircraft Carrier AVENGER in Fighting
Escort for Russian Convoy PQ18.
13th HMS
OFFA joined Fighting Escort.
(HMS SCYLLA
also detached with these destroyers.)
17th
Passage from Lowe Sound to join return
Convoy QP14 as part of Fighting Escort.
21st Rescued aircrew
from CATALINA aircraft shot down by U377
25th
Resumed Flotilla duties at Scapa Flow
after detaching from QP14
(Note:
During passage of QP14 HM Minesweeper LEDA,
part of Ocean Escort,
was
sunk by U43 and HMS SOMALI of Fighting Escort
damaged in
attack
by U503. Although taken in tow by HMS ASHANTI
the destroyer
foundered
in extreme weather conditions.)
October Under
short refit at
commercial shipyard in Humber.
Nominated
for detached
service in defence of military convoys on
passage to
Gibraltar
for planned landings in North Africa
(Operation TORCH).
25th
Arrived at Gibraltar as part of escort
for TORCH convoy.
Deployed
for Atlantic convoy defence based at
Gibraltar.
28th
At Ponta
Delgarda, Azores.
29th
Sailed to join military convoy KMS1
during passage to Gibraltar.
November
3rd
Joined escort for KMS1 after
protracted search.
9th
Despatched from Gibraltar after
arrival of KMS1 and deployed with HM Destroyer
VENOMOUS to
reinforce escort for HM Destroyer Depot Ship HECLA
and HM
Cruiser VINDICTIVE
during passage into Gibraltar.
11th
Joined escort of HMS HECLA
and HMS VINDICTIVE.
12th
Under attack by U515 in position 180
miles west of Gibraltar.
After HMS HECLA
was
hit by two torpedoes carried out
anti-submarine
hunt
with HMS
VENOMOUS but later detached to assist the
damaged ship.
Whilst
alongside came under further attack by U515
which fired 2 weapons.
Hit aft
by one of the torpedoes which caused extensive
damage.
13 of
ship’s company were killed and X-mounting
totally disabled.
(Note:
The second torpedo hit HMS HECLA which
then sank with heavy
loss
of life. 279 personnel were killed out of
total of over 1,100 on
board.)
Taken in
tow by HMS VENOMOUS but this had to be
abandoned when
U515
closed to make further attack.
13th
Taken in tow by HM Tug SALVONIA and
escorted into Gibraltar by HM
Corvette
JONQUIL
16th
Major damage including loss of
entire stern structure assessed.
17th
Taken in hand for temporary repair
by HM Dockyard to enable ship to
return to UK.
December
Under repair at
Gibraltar.
1
9 4 3
January
Temporary repair in
continuation at Gibraltar.
February
2nd
Took passage from Gibraltar under
tow by HM Tug EMINENT.
Repair
arranged in Tyne at Swan Hunter shipyard.
25th
Arrived in Tyne for repair.
March
4th
Taken in hand for permanent
repair.
April
Under repair
to
(Note:
New stern structure fitted and
turbine machinery removed
December
for
overhaul.
Surface warning radar Type 272 was
fitted on a
new Lattice
foremast and the Close Range defence
improved.)
1
9 4 4
January
Post
refit trials and recommissioned.
31st
Repair work completed.
February
Prepared for service and carried
out sea
trials.
10th
Passage to Scapa
Flow on completion of storing.
March
Rejoined Flotilla for work-up at
Scapa Flow
and deployed for escort duties.
23rd
Joined 3rd Destroyer Flotilla for
operational
service.
April
Deployed
with Flotilla for Home
Fleet screening duties.
3rd
Deployed as escort for HM
Aircraft Carriers VICTORIOUS, FURIOUS and
five
Escort Aircraft Carriers during attacks on
German TIRPITZ
in Altenfjord,
Norway
(Operation TUNGSTEN – See CONVOY ! by P
Kemp.)
On
return from TUNGSTEN nominated for
special duty.
(Note:
A large number of mercantiles had been
detained in North
Russian
awaiting an escort for return
passage and a number
of
Russian naval personnel were
to be collected for transport
to
UK for manning ships being
loaned to the Soviet Navy.
Normal Russian convoys had been
suspended
because of the
planned landings in Normandy. See
above
references.)
20th
Deployed with HM Cruiser DIADEM,
HM Escort
Carriers ACTIVITY
and FENCER as escort for ss NEA
HELLAS during
passage to Kola Inlet.
(HM Destroyers BEAGLE, BOADICEA,
INCONSTANT,
KEPPEL,
MATCHLESS, METEOR, MILNE,
MUSKETEER, ULYSSES,
VERULAM,
VIRAGO,
WALKER, WESTCOTT, WHITEHALL and
WRESTLER, HM Canadian Frigates
CAPE BRETON,
GROU,
20th
HM Canadian Frigates OUTREMONT and
WASKESUI
were also in this escort.)
NEA
HELLAS
developed defects on passage and had to return
but the
escort ships continued their
passage.
23rd
Arrived at Kola Inlet with
escorts.
(Note: Transfer on Russian
personnel was
arranged on the returning
mercantiles
and on the RN warships.
Embarked 17 passengers.
28th
Sailed as part of escort for returning
mercantiles as Convoy RA59.
Deployed as screen for HMS ACTIVITY with
HM
Destroyers METEOR,
MATCHLESS,
MUSKETEER and MILNE.
May
4th
Detached from RA59 with HMS
ACTIVITY and screening destroyers.
Resumed
Home Fleet duties with Flotilla.
Part
of escort for aircraft carriers during
operations against Norwegian coastal
Convoys.
June
Deployed
at
Scapa Flow for
Home Fleet screening duties.
(Note
Home Fleet ships provided cover as required
to prevent any
interference
to allied landings in
Normandy by German surface
warships
attempting passage in NW
Approaches.
This
ship was not deployed in
support of Normandy landings
(Operation
NEPTUNE).)
Air Attacks were carried out on
Norwegian
coat shipping by Home Fleet
aircraft carriers screened by
destroyers.
July
Home Fleet screening duties with
Flotilla in
continuation.
17th
Deployed as screen for HM Aircraft
Carriers
FORMIDABLE and FURIOUS,
HM
Escort Carrier NABOB, HM Cruisers BERWICK
and DEVONSHIRE
with other Fleet destroyers during
air
attacks on German battleship
TIRPITZ
in Altenfjord
(Operation MASCOT).
August
Home Fleet Flotilla duties in
continuation.
Part
of screen for aircraft carriers during air
operations against Norwegian
coastal
convoys.
(Note:
This operation was unsuccessful due to adverse
weather
conditions.)
7th
Deployed with HM Destroyers
CAPRICE, METEOR,
MILNE and
MUSKETEER
as screen for HM Cruiser JAMAICA,
HM Escort Carriers
STRIKER and VINDEX
providing air cover for passage of Russian
Convoy JW59 during passage to Kola
Inlet.
(Note: This convoy included
warships being
transferred to Soviet
Navy
under Lease-Lend. See above.)
25th
Retained in North Russia with Home
Fleet
units to provide cover for
return convoy.
28th
Joined Convoy RA59A with same
ships to
provide air cover.
September
5th
Detached from
RA59A and returned to Scapa
Flow.
12th
Deployed with HM Destroyers
MYNGS, MUSKETEER, ALGONQUIN
(RCN),
VIGILANT and VERULAM as screen for HMS
FURIOUS, HM
Escort
Carrier
TRUMPETER and HMS BERWICK during joint
aircraft
minelay
and shipping strike south of Voksa Island,
Norway.
(Operation
BEGONIA – See Naval Staff History (Mining).)
17th
Joined Russian Convoy JW60 with
HM Battleship RODNEY, HM Escort
Carriers
CAMPANIA and STRIKER, HM Cruiser DIADEM as
screen
with
HM Destroyers MILNE,
MUSKETEER, SAUMAREZ, SCORPION,
VENUS,
VERULAM, VIRAGO, VOLAGE, ALGONQUIN and SIOUX
(RCN)
23rd
Detached from JW60 on arrival at
Kola Inlet.
28th
Joined return Convoy RA60 for
screening duty.
October
4th
Detached from RA60.
Took
passage from Scapa Flow for repair.
(Note:
One source records this was
done at Newcastle.)
6th
Taken in hand for repair.
Nominated
for service in Mediterranean on completion.
31st
Repair completed
Took
passage to Mediterranean after post repair
trials.
November
11th
Rejoined Flotilla at Alexandria
and resumed operational service in
Eastern
Mediterranean.
December
Deployed for support of
operations to re-occupy islands in eastern
Mediterranean
and intercept craft
evacuating enemy personnel.
5th
Carried out bombardment of
Rhodes with HM Cruiser ARETHUSA,
HMS
MUSKETEER and HMS METEOR of Flotilla.
16th
During interception patrol
captured craft off Symi and took enemy
occupants
prisoner.
1
9 4 5
January
Transferred to
western Mediterranean for support of military
operations,
patrol and anti-submarine operations
with Flotilla.
Carried
out patrol between Leghorn and Toulon.
February
Flotilla deployment
in western Mediterranean.
26th
During patrol with HM Escort
Destroyer EASTON attacked small
convoy
off Portofino.
March
Western
Mediterranean patrol and support duties in
continuation.
6th
Deployed with HM Destroyer
TETCOTT for interception patrol,
15th
Deployed as part of screen for
major units during bombardment of
targets
at Spezia
and Genoa.
April
Support
of military
operations and interception patrol in
continuation.
May
After VE Day
deployed with Flotilla for Fleet duties
including the
support of
reoccupation
operations and for exercises with ships
July
Carrying
out work-up prior to service in the
Eastern and Pacific Fleets.
August
Visited
Istanbul with HM Cruiser AJAX and HMS
METEOR.
(Note:
The subsequent transfer to Turkey of some
ships of this
Class
may have been initiated during this visit.)
P
o s t W a r
N o t e s
HMS
MARNE remained in the
Mediterranean with the 3rd Flotilla until
March 1946 when she returned to
Portsmouth, arriving on 8th
April. It had been decided in December 1945
that ships of this Class in the Mediterranean
were to be
replaced by V-Class Destroyers. In November
1952 the ship was towed to lay-up at Penarth.
Although
selected for conversion to an Air Direction
Frigate, this was later cancelled
and she was placed on the
Disposal List in 1955 .On 16th August 1957 she
was sold to Turkey with her
sister ships HMS METEOR, HMS MATCHLESS and
HMS MILNE. (See General Information.) During a
refit in a Tyne shipyard modern radar was
fitted and a SQUID Anti-submarine mortar
replaced the after torpedo tubes, She
was handed over to the Turkish
Navy at Portsmouth on 9th September 1959 with
the other three destroyers and renamed MARESAL
FEVSI CAKMAK, a
Turkish General. This destroyer remained
on the Active List until 1971 when she sold
for breaking-up.
Addendum
CONVOY
ESCORT MOVEMENTS
of
HMS
MARNE
by
Don Kindell
These
convoy lists have not been cross-checked
with the text above
|
|
|
|
|
Date
convoy sailed
|
Joined
convoy as escort
|
Convoy No.
|
Left
convoy
|
Date
convoy arrived
|
|
|
|
|
|
24/03/42
|
28/03/42
|
PQ
013
|
10/03/42
|
31/03/42
|
24/03/42
|
28/03/42
|
QP
009
|
21/03/42
|
03/04/42
|
10/04/42
|
21/04/42
|
QP
010
|
10/04/42
|
21/04/42
|
29/04/42
|
05/05/42
|
PQ
015
|
10/04/42
|
05/05/42
|
29/04/42
|
05/05/42
|
QP
011
|
28/04/42
|
07/05/42
|
23/05/42
|
26/05/42
|
PQ
016
|
21/05/42
|
30/05/42
|
26/05/42
|
28/05/42
|
QP
012
|
21/05/42
|
29/05/42
|
12/06/42
|
16/06/42
|
HARPOON
|
12/06/42
|
16/06/42
|
29/06/42
|
04/07/42
|
PQ
017
|
27/06/42
|
04/07/42
|
29/06/42
|
08/07/42
|
QP
013
|
26/06/42
|
07/07/42
|
09/09/42
|
17/09/42
|
PQ
018
|
02/09/42
|
21/09/42
|
17/09/42
|
25/09/42
|
QP
014
|
13/09/42
|
26/09/42
|
28/04/44
|
04/05/44
|
RA
059
|
28/04/44
|
06/05/44
|
17/08/44
|
25/08/44
|
JW
059
|
15/08/44
|
25/08/44
|
28/08/44
|
05/09/44
|
RA
059A
|
28/08/44
|
05/09/44
|
17/09/44
|
23/09/44
|
JW
060
|
15/09/44
|
23/09/44
|
28/09/44
|
03/10/44
|
RA
060
|
28/09/44
|
05/10/44
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Note
on Convoys)