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World War 1 at Sea


FROM TSAR TO COMMISSAR: RUSSIAN NAVAL ORGANISATION AND WARSHIPS 1914-1922


by Dr Graham Watson

Links to main World War 1 pages:
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Battleship Slava grounded and lost after 1917 Battle for Gulf of Riga  (click to enlarge)

return to World War 1, 1914-1918



Introduction

With thanks to Graham Watson, retired from the History Department of Cardiff University,  for another fascinating analysis of the Great War at sea. Thank you also to Photo Ships for their excellent range of images.


Abbreviations
bu - broken up
CMB - coastal motor boat (British)
dbr - damaged beyond repair

p/o - paid off


Links to Russian Navy in World War 1


Gordon Smith, Naval-History.Net







1. NOTES ON THE ORGANISATION OF THIS ARTICLE

To reflect the two distinct phases of the history of the Russian navy between the start of the First World War and the end of the Russian Civil War, this survey is divided into two components:

1. The Imperial Russian Navy and the Russian Navy from August 1914 until the creation of the 'Red Workers and Peasants Fleet' on 29th January 1918.

2. The division and disintegration of Russian naval power in the subsequent period of civil war and foreign intervention.  Civil war between the Bolsheviks and their 'White' opponents; and intervention by Germany, and then by Britain, France, Japan and other nations.

In contrast to articles on other navies of the period, much less emphasis is placed on leadership and organisation. There was no opportunity to search out and use Russian language documents such as possible equivalents of 'Navy Lists' or 'Distribution Lists'  The one Russian website which may have had that data seems to have 'vanished' in 2014.

Some problems arose from the different spellings used for the names of warships. I have used what seems to be the most commonly accepted form in each case. Similar confusion can arise from the changes of name which took place in the second period from 1918 to 1922. This was the result of political intervention especially when the Bolsheviks sought to eradicate ship names which had associations with their enemies.    





2. THE RUSSIAN NAVY 1904-1914



The Maritime Spread of the Russian Empire (Google, boundaries as of 2016)

At the end of the 19th century, the Imperial Russian Navy was the third largest in the world, after Britain and France.  In 1914, its place in the league table had fallen to fifth, behind Britain, France, Germany and the United States. This change was a direct result of the losses incurred in the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905, and the long time taken to rebuild Russian naval strength. The Imperial Russian Navy was in the middle of its recovery when war broke out in August 1914.  It had to fight the war with the remnants of the old fleet, and the slow dribble of new construction coming out of the shipyards.

The scale of the losses in 1904-1905 can be seen in the following table of major warships for that period.  Losses are indicated * and those captured by Japan **

Types
BALTIC  BLACK SEA FAR EAST
Battleships Navarin *
Sissoi Veliki *
Osliaba **
Borodino *
Alexander III *
Orel **
Suvorov *
Slava [did not go to Far East]
Ekaterina II
Tchesma
Sinop
Pobiedonosonets
Apostlov
Tri Svititelia
Rostislav
Potemkin
Petropavlovsk *
Poltava **
Sevastopol *
Pobieda **
Retvisan **
Tsessarevich [interned China]
Coast Defence Ships Petr Veliki *
Alexander II *
Nikolai I **
Oshakov **
Senyavin **
Apraksin**
-
-
Armoured Cruisers Monomakh*
Dmitri Donskoi *
Nakhimov *
Pamiat Azova [did not go to FE]
-
Rurik *
Rossiya
Gromoboi*
Bayan **
Protected Cruisers Kornilov [did not go to FE]
Svietlana *
Diana
Aurora
Askold
Bogatyr
Oleg

Izumrud *
Jemtchug 
-
Pallada **
Variag **
Novik **
Boyarin*

Note: The only ships of the Baltic and Far East Fleets NOT sunk or captured by the Japanese are in italics

The task of rebuilding the fleet began with a re-organisation of the Admiralty in St. Petersburg. The post of General Admiral [always held by a member of the Imperial Family] was abolished.  Two new posts were created - that of Minister of the Navy, and Chief of the Naval General Staff. Both posts were to be held by serving admirals:

Minister of Navy
6.05-A. Birilov
1.07-I. Dikov
1.09-P. S. Abramovich
3.11-I. Grigorovich

Chief of the Naval General Staff
1906-L. A. Brusilov
1908-A. A. Eberhardt
1911-A.A. Lieven
1913-A. Rusin
   
Planning for the new navy began with decision to build a modern battle fleet in the Baltic, where Germany was now regarded as the principal threat at sea. In turn, a smaller modern battlefleet would be formed in the Black Sea.  The naval requirements for the Far East were downgraded.

Successive programmes of new construction were drawn up, but the achievement of these plans was hindered by the need for financial authority being granted by the Duma [Russian parliament], by the inefficiency of the shipyards, and by the lack of key engineering skills which resulted in orders for engines etc going to Germany!

BALTIC BLACK SEA  FAR EAST
The 1906 plan sought to provide a fleet strength of:
2 battleships - 2 more added later,
6 cruisers - 4 armoured,
20 torpedo-boat destroyers - with 32 TBD's nearing completion.
6 battleships,
2 cruisers,
19 torpedo boat destroyers.
2 cruisers,
13 torpedo boat destroyers.
By 1908, plans envisaged following additional ships:
4 battleships
3 submarines
1 depot ship
14 destroyers
3 submarines

Increased in 1911 to:
3 battleships
9 destroyers, total 23
3 submarines, total 6

No extra ships
The July 1912 programme planned the addition of:
4 battlecruisers
8 light cruisers
36 destroyers
18 submarines, all for completion by 1918-1920.

The following ships either entered service by 1914, were completed 1914-1918, or remained unfinished.  Many of these ships were technologically advanced but entered service too late to much difference to the outcome of the war. Failure on land would destroy Imperial Russia.

Types
BALTIC  BLACK SEA FAR EAST
Battleships 4 Gangut class
4 Imperatritsa Maria class
-
Battlecruisers 4 Borodino class - -
Light cruisers 4 4 light cruisers 2 [building in Germany]
Destroyers 1 Novik type
22 Gavril class
5 Izyaslav class
9 Beskopoiny class
9 Gogland class
-
Submarines 4 Kaiman class
1 Minoga class
1 Akule class
18 Bars class
[6 intended for Far East]
1 Krab class
3 Morzh class
3 Narva class
6 Bars class
6 Bars class [diverted to Baltic]
(see Baltic Bars-class)

 




IMPERIAL RUSSIAN NAVY FLEETS AND WARSHIPS 1914-1918


3. BALTIC FLEET

The principal role of the Baltic Fleet was to protect St.Petersburg/Petrograd from attack by the German Navy.  This was to be accomplished by the forward basing of the battle fleet at Helsingfors [Helsinki] and the creation of a mine barrier across the western end of the Gulf of Finland.

Secondary tasks were to protect the southern coast line of the Baltic from German amphibious attack and to support Russian land forces in that struggle.  The Baltic Fleet employed minelayers and submarines [Russian and British] to interdict seaborne traffic along the German coast, and between German and Swedish ports.

Active naval operations were confined to the period from roughly May to October of each year. The ice in the Baltic during each winter confined ships to harbour.


Fleet Commander
1909-Vice Admiral Nikolai Essen -died 7.5.15
5.15- Vice Admiral V.A. Kanin
9.16- Vice Admiral Adrian Nepenin -murdered at Helsingfors  4.3.17
3.17-Rear Admiral A. S. Maksimov
6.17-Rear Admiral Verderevski
7.17-Rear Admiral A. K. Razvozov 


OUTLINE ORDER OF BATTLE, August 1914
[Note the lack of dreadnought battleships and modern destroyers]

Rurik [Fleet Flagship]
Battleship Brigade
Andrei  Pervozvanny
Tsessarivich
Slava
Cruiser Brigade
Admiral Makarov
Bayan
Gromoboi
Pallada
& Novik [destroyer]

Reserve Brigade
Rossiya
Aurora
Bogatyr
Diana
Oleg
Destroyers
1 Div [10 boats]
2 Div [9 boats]
3 Div [8 boats]
4 Div [9 boats]
5 Div [9 boats]
6 Div [9 boats]
7 Div [8 boats]
Submarines
1 Div [4 boats]
2 Div [4 boats]

6 minelayers
      
The following lists group ships and submarines in their administrative organisations.  Large ships were grouped in brigades and smaller vessels in divisions - in western terms, a brigade was the equivalent of a squadron or division; and the division the equivalent of a flotilla.

From the spring of 1915, the Baltic Fleet was re-organised into several tactical formations, known as 'manoeuvre  groups' , the composition of which varied during the course of the war. Each group was made up of two battleships, one cruiser, and escorting destroyers.  The composition of these groups in 1915, for example, was:

Group 1
Petropavlovsk
Gangut
Oleg
Group 2
Sevastopol
Poltava
Rossiya
Group 3
Andrei Pervozvanny
Imperator Paul I
Bogytar
Group 4
Slava
Tsessarevich
-no cruiser-
Group 5
Rurik
Admiral Makarov
Bayan
Group 6
Gromoboi
Aurora
Diana

In addition to defence of the above groups, many of the newer and larger destroyers were allocated, on demand, to the Mine Division for high-speed minelaying.  Many of the older destroyers and torpedo boats were allocated to local defence and patrol duties - but details are lacking before 1917.
Submarine divisions came under command of the Mine Division in 1915, but reverted to fleet command in 1916.

These tactical groupings and re-groupings were not reflected in the titles of the flag officers who commanded the various brigades and flotillas.


LISTING OF SHIPS AND SUBMARINES ACCORDING TO CLASS AND DIVISION/FLOTILLA 1914-1917

Dreadnoughts
[Heavy Battleship Brigade - later 1st Battleship Brigade]
Sevastopol   
Gangut
Poltava
Petropavlovsk
11.14-
12.14-
12.14-
12.14-
Pre-dreadnoughts
[Battleship Brigade - later 2nd Battleship Brigade]
Andrei Pervozvanny
Imperator Paul I 12.4.17-renamed Respublika
Slava lost 17.10.17 [scuttled after battle damage, Moon Sound]
Tsessarevich 5.17-hulked, 10.17-renamed Grazhdanin
Armoured Cruisers
[1st Cruiser Brigade]
Rurik [Fleet Flagship]
Admiral Makarov
Bayan
Gromoboi
Pallada 
Rossiya 
-
-
-
11.10.14-torpedoed by U.26
-
Protected Cruisers
[2nd Cruiser Brigade - later merged into The Cruiser Brigade]
Aurora
Bogatyr
Diana
Oleg
-
-
-
-
Large Destroyers

Novik 8.14-Flotilla Leader, .17-Fleet Flagship
11th Destroyer Flotilla
Pobeditel
Zabijaka
Grom
Orfei
11.15-
11.15-
1.16- , 14.10.17-lost in surface action
4.16- , 9.17-dbr
12th Destroyer Flotilla
Letun
Desna
Azard
Samson
7.16-, 7.11.16-dbr
8.16-
10.16-
12.16-
13th Destroyer Flotilla
Avtroil
Izyaslev
8.17-
8.17-
14th Destroyer Flotilla
Kapitan Izlmetev
Gavril
Lt. Ilin
Konstantin
7.16-
10.16-
12.16-
5.17-
Destroyers
1st Destroyer Flotilla 1915-5th Destroyer Flotilla
Amuretz
Gaidamak
Vsadnik
Ussurietz
Emir Bukharski
Dobrovoletz 
Moskvityanin
Finn
-
-
-
-
-
21.8.16-mined Irben
-
-
2nd Destroyer Flotilla 1915-6th Destroyer Flotilla
Ukraina
Volskovoi
Turkmentz Stavropolski
Kazanets
Steregushchy
Stansky
Donskoi Kazak
Zabailkaletz
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Special Half-Flotilla  1915-4th Destroyer Flotilla
[Special Half-Flotilla -for minelaying duties-which continued after designation as 4DF]
General Kondarenko -
Sibirsky-Stryelok
Pogranichnik
Ochotnik
-
-
26.9.17-mined Zerel
Torpedo Boats [largely for patrol and coastal defence duties]
3rd Destroyer Flotilla  1915-7th Destroyer Flotilla
Ing.Mech. Zyverev -
Ing.Mech. Dmitriev -
Bditelny
Boevoi
Burny
Vnimatelny
Vnushitelny
Vuinoslivy
27.11.17 mined Nantylovo
-
-
-
-
-
4th Destroyer Flotilla 1915-8th Destroyer Flotilla
Iskunsy
Ispolnitelny
Kryepky
Legky
Letuchy
Lovky
Lickoi
Myetky
Molodetzky
Moshchenny
-
12.12.14 mined Odensholm
-
-
12.12.14 mined Odensholm
-
-
-
-
-
5th Destroyer Flotilla 1915-9th Destroyer Flotilla
Gromyashchy
Vidny
Silny
Storozhevoi
Stroiny
Razyashchy
Rastoropny
Dyelny
Dostoiny
Dyeyatelny
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2nd Minesweeper Flotilla [10th Destroyer Flotilla]
Prytky
Prochny
Podvizhny
Posluchny
Prozorlivy
Porazhayushchy
Retivy
Ryezvy
Ryany
-
-
-
-
submarine flotilla flagship
-
-
-
-
Submarines
1st Division-later 6th Division
Makrel
Okun
Minoga
Akula
Shermetev
Kasatka
-
-
-
28.11.15-mined west of Lyesort
ex Far East  .15-,  8.17-renamed Keta
ex Far East  .15
Som ex Far East  .15-, 23.5.16-sunk in collision Aaland Sea
2nd Division -paid off 11.16
Alligator
Draken
Kaiman
Krokodil
-
-
-
-
Training Division -paid off  .17
Beluga
Peskar
Sterliad
Schuka 
-
-
-
ex Far East  .15-
1st Division  1915-
Bars
Gepard
Vepr
9.15-,  28.5.17 lost nr Norrkopping
9.15-, 28.10.17 lost Lyesort
9.15-
Edinorog .16-,  5.9.17-stranded -repairs not completed
Volk
Zmeya 
Tur
4.16-
3.17-
8.17-
2nd Division 1916-
Tigr
Panter
Lvitsa   
Rys
Kuguar
4.16-
7.16-
.16-, 11.6.17-lost Gotland
11.16-
12.16-
3rd Division 1917-
Leopard
Tur
Yaguar
12.16-
8.17-
10.17-
4th Division 11.16-
AG.11
AG.12
11.16-
11.16-
AG.13 11.16-, .16-foundered -raised 7.17 renamed AG.16
AG.14 
AG.15
11.16-, 6.7.17-lost Libau
11.16-, 18.6.17 lost but raised and returned to service
           

OUTLINE ORDER OF BATTLE, March 1917

1st Battleship Brigade
Petropavlovsk
Gangut
Sevastopol
Poltava

2nd Battleship Brigade
Andrei Pervozvenny
Imperator Paul I
Tsessarevich
Slava
1st Cruiser Brigade
Rurik
Admiral Makrov
Bayan
Bogatyr
Oleg

2nd Cruiser Brigade
Rossiya
Gromoboi
Aurora
Diana
1st Destroyer Division
Grom
Orfei
Pobietel
Zabiyaka

2nd Destroyer Division
Azard
Desna
Kapitan Izylmetev
Letun
Samson

3rd Destroyer Division
Avtroil
Gavril
Izyaslav
Konstantin

4th Destroyer Division
General Kondratenko
Okhotnik
Progranitsnik
Sibirski Strelok

5th Destroyer Division
Amurets
Emir Bukarski
Finn
Gaidamak
Moslevtyanin
Ussuriets
Vsadnik

5th Destroyer Division
Steregushchy
Strashnyi
Turkmenets -S.
Ukraina
Voskovoi
Zabailkalets
1st Submarine Division
Bars
Gepard
Vepr
Volk

2nd Submarine Division
Kuguar
Lvitsa
Pantera
Tigr

3rd Submarine Division
[entering service]

Zmeya
Leopard
Yuguar
Rys

4th Submarine Division
AG.11
AG.12
AG.14
AG.15
AG.16

6th Submarine Division
Kefal
Makrel
Minoga
Okun

7th Submarine Division
Beluga
Peskar
Sterliad
Kasatka
Sheremetov 

The 8th and 9th Torpedo-Boat Divisions were under command of 'Torpedo-boats of the Baltic Sea' along with other patrol forces.

The operation which came nearest to being described as a 'fleet action' took place in October 1917, just as the effectiveness of the Baltic Fleet was being seriously eroded by political turmoil. In 'Operation Albion' the Germans sought to gain control of the northern approaches to the Gulf of Riga.  The occupation of Osel and Moon islands would prevent Russian interference with the conquest of Latvia.  The German fleet consisted of 11 battleships, 9 cruisers, 55 destroyers and 6 submarines. Between 11th and 20th October the Germans achieved their objective.  A considerable part of the Russian Baltic Fleet fought to prevent this outcome. 


The Baltic Fleet's order of battle included:

Battleships
Grazhdanin
Slava
Cruisers
Bayan
Admiral Makarov
Diana
Large Destroyers
Grom
Pobedetel
Zabijaka
Desna
Lt. Ilin
Samson
Kap. Izylmetev
Avtroil
Gavril
Izyaslav
Konstantin
Destroyers/Torpedo Boats
Kondarenko
Pogranichnik
Donskoi Kazak
Steregushchy
Strashni
Turkmenetz-Stavropolski
Ukraina
Voskovoi
Zabailkaletz
6 TB's of Div 9
8 TB's of Div 8

 Three Royal Navy submarines [C.26, C.27, C.32] took part in these operations.

The major Russian loss was the old battleship 'Slava' which had to be scuttled on 17th October.




IMPERIAL RUSSIAN NAVY FLEETS AND WARSHIPS 1914-1918
(continued)


4. BLACK SEA FLEET

The main role of the Black Sea Fleet was to prevent the excursion of Turkish [and German] warships from the Bosphorus, from which they could threaten the ports and trade of southern Russia.

In addition, the fleet carried out many operations to disrupt the coal trade along the northern coast of Anatolia: coal was essential to the Turkish economy and war effort - and to the mobility of the Turkish Navy.  In 1915 and 1916, the fleet supported Russian military operations in the Caucasus with a series of amphibious landings.

Fleet Commander
1911-Vice Admiral Andrei Eberhardt
8.16- Vice Admiral Alexander Kolchak
8.17- Vice Admiral Mikhail Sablin 

In a manner similar to that established in the Baltic Fleet, the main units of the Black Sea Fleet were grouped into three 'manouevre groups' in the spring of 1915.  Such groups remained the principal tactical formation until 1918.

The initial groups were:

1st Group
Imperatritsa Maria
Kagul
2nd Group
Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya
Pamiat Mercuria
Evstafi
Ioann Zlatoust
Pantelimon


Dreadnoughts
Imperatritsa Maria 7.15-,  20.10.16-destroyed by internal explosion at Sevastopol
Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya 10.15-, 29.4.17-renamed Svobodnaya Rossiya
Imperator Alexander III 6.17-, 29.4.17-renamed Volya
Pre-dreadnoughts
Battle Division 1
Evstafi   -
Ioann Zlatoust -
Pantelimon 13.4.17-renamed Potemkin Tavricheski, 5.18-Borets za Svobobu
Battle Division 2
Rostislav  1915-Bat Div 1
Tri Sviatitella  1915-training ship
Protected Cruisers
Pamiat Mercuria -
Kagul -
Prut  captured from Turkey 10.15
Large Destroyers
1st Destroyer Flotilla -later 11th Destroyer Flotilla
Beskopoiny
Derzky
Gnevny
Pronzitelny
10.14-
10.14-
10.14-
10.14-
2nd Destroyer Flotilla-later 12th Destroyer Flotilla
Bystry
Gromki
Schastlivy
Pospeshny
Puilki
4.15-
4.15-
4.15-
9.15-
5.16-
3rd Destroyer Flotilla-later 13th Destroyer Flotilla
Fidonisi
Kerch
Gadzhibei
Kaliakyria
5.17-
6.17-
.17-
.17-
Destroyers 
3rd Destroyer Flotilla  1917-to ?
Lt. Shestakov
Lt Zatzarenny 30.6.17 mined SE of Findosiini
Kap.-Lt Baranov
Kap. Saken

Torpedo Boats
2nd Destroyer Flotilla -later 6th Destroyer Flotilla
Strogi
Svirepy
Smetlivy
Stremitelny
-
-
-
-
4th Destroyer Flotilla

Zharky
Zhivuchi
Zhivoi
Zhutky
-
25.4.16-mined Sevastopol
-
-
5th Destroyer Flotilla

Zavidny
Zavetny
Zorky
Zvonky
-
-
-
-
Submarines
Losos
Sudak
Karas
Karp
Nalim
Skat

Morzh
Nerpa
Tyulen
Krab
Narval
Kit
Kashalot

Burvestnik
Gagara
Utka
p/o  .16
-
p/o 3.17
p/o 3.17
ex Far East .15-, p/o 3.17
 ex Far East .15-, p/o 3.17

.14-
2.15-
2.15-
7.15-
8.15-
9.15-  
5.16-

.17-
7.17-
12.17-
      
    



IMPERIAL RUSSIAN NAVY FLEETS AND WARSHIPS 1914-1918
(continued)


5. SIBERIAN FLOTILLA

Based at Vladivostok this flotilla played little part in the war effort apart from sending torpedo boats and submarines [largely by rail] to the Black Sea and Baltic.  Those vessels which remained at Vladivostok were obsolete and unseaworthy.

Commander
1914-Rear Admiral [ret] Oscar Stark

Pre-dreadnoughts
Tchesma ex Japanese 3.16-, to White Sea  1.17-
Peresviet ex Japanese 3.16-, lost en route to White Sea, -mined off Port Said 4.1.17
Protected Cruisers
Askold 8.14-in Mediterranean, 10.16-refit in UK
Zhemchug 28.10.14-sunk by SMS Emden off Penang
Variag ex Japanese 3.16, -to UK for refit 2.17
Torpedo Boats
Besstrashny
Bezhummy
Lt. Sergeyev 
Kap. Yurasovsky  
Grozovoi 
Vlastny 
Besposhtchadny
Boiki 
Grozny 
Bodry
Bravi
Tverdy
Tochny
Trevozhny
Lt. Maleev
Ing.Mech. Anastasov
Skory
Smyely
Serdity
Statny 
10.17-White Sea
10.17-White Sea
.17-White Sea
.17-White Sea
.16-White Sea
.16-White Sea
p/o  .16
p/o  .16
p/o  .16
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Submarines


 
Sheremetov
Kasatka
Schukas
Som
all to Baltic via Black Sea 1915
Nalim
Skat
both to Black Sea 1915
Delfin to White Sea 1916

      



IMPERIAL RUSSIAN NAVY FLEETS AND WARSHIPS 1914-1918
(continued)


6. ARCTIC  FLOTILLA

Formation began in February 1916 in order to protect Russian commerce from Archangel from possible attack by German surface ships, submarines and minelayers.  The port of Archangel had become the most important port in Russia for the import of war supplies, raw materials and food.

German minelaying had begun as May 1915, and this created a need to defend the White Sea, and the smaller newly developed facilities in the Kola Inlet.

Commander
2.16-Rear Admiral Ogrimov
  .16-Rear Admiral Kerber [renamed Korvin in 1917]
  .17-Rear Admiral Viktor

Most of the warships were found by the transfer of naval forces from Vladivostok during the course of 1916 and 1917.
      
Pre-dreadnoughts
Tchesma ex Far East 1.17-
Protected Cruisers
Askold ex Mediterranean 9.17-
Variag ex Far East  1.17-refit UK-abandoned 1918
Torpedo Boats





Grozovoi
Vlastny
both ex Far East 6.16-
Lt. Sergeyev
Kap. Yurasovsky
both ex Far East 1917-
Besstrashny
Bezhummy
both ex Far East 10.17-
Submarines
Delfin ex Far East 10.16 [by rail] - lost in accident 5.9.17
Svaitoi Georgi Italian built 9.17-
 
plus the minelayer ''Ussuri' which arrived from the Far East in 1917.

           



RUSSIAN FLEETS AND WARSHIPS 1918-1922

The fate of the Russian Navy was determined by the untidy and confusing end to the First World War in eastern Europe and Asia, and by the convulsions and conflicts within Russia brought about by the Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution.  By the end of the civil war in Russia, the navy was but a shadow of its former self, with politically inspired leadership and badly maintained ships and bases.


7. BALTIC FLEET
  [Bolshevik controlled]

As German forces advanced into Estonia in February 1918, and then into Finland in April 1918 to enforce the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, and support local anti-Bolshevik forces, the Baltic Fleet was forced to give up its advanced bases at Reval and Hango, and then withdraw from its main base at Helsingfors.  This involved a long and difficult voyage through the ice to Kronstadt and Petrograd.

The fleet established an Active Squadron at Kronstadt and withdrew the rest of the fleet to Petrograd.  The effectiveness of the fleet was eroded by the dispersal of sailors to fight in the Red armies against the opponents of the Bolsheviks. The lack of manpower and the poor support facilities at Petrograd meant that most ships were paid off.  Many of the smaller vessels were diverted by the rivers and inland waterways to the Volga and Caspian regions where the threat from the White forces was most acute.  From the end of 1918, the pressure on the Baltic Fleet was increased by the arrival of British and French naval forces intent on supporting anti-Bolshevik forces in the emergence of the independent states of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland.  Allied naval forces remained in the Baltic well into 1920.

The final act of the Baltic Fleet was the Kronstadt Revolt 7-17 March 1921 when the Petrograd government  suppressed the uprising by the sailors who until then had been amongst the most loyal supporters of the new regime.


LIST OF THE MAIN SHIPS AND SUBMARINES 1918-1922
         
Dreadnoughts

    
   
 
     
Gangut retained for Soviet Navy   6.25-Oktyabrsykaya Revolutsiya
Petropavlovsk retained for Soviet Navy  3.21-Marat
Poltava 1919-paid off because of damage-retained as hulk 
Sevastopol retained for Soviet Navy   3.21-Parizhsaya Kommuna
Pre-dreadnoughts
   
     
Grazhdanin 5.17-hulked, 1924-bu Germany
Andrei Pervozvanny 18.8.19 damaged by British CMB, Kronstadt  9.20-paid off & bu 1925
Respublika 9.18-laid up at Kronstadt, bu 11.23
Armoured Cruisers
 
Rossiya
Gromoboi
Admiral Makarov
Bayan
Rurik
.18-laid up, bu Germany 1922
.18-laid up, bu Bremen 1922  
.18-laid up, bu Stettin 1922
.18-laid up, bu Stettin 1922     
2.18-hulked, bu 1923
Protected Cruisers
  
Aurora
Diana
Bogatyr
Orel
p/o 18, re-commissioned 1923
p/o 17, bu Bremen 1922
p/o 18, bu Bremen 1922
17.6.19 sunk by British CMB.4 at Kronstadt
Large Destroyers

Novik Fleet flagship, .18-Yakov Sverdlov
11 DF [ex 1DF]-
 
Pobeditel
Zabijka
Orfei
.18-reserve, 12.22-Voldarski 
.18-reserve, 12.22-Uritsky
dbr 9.17 & p/o, bu 1931
12 DF [ex 2DF]-
  
Letun
Desna
Azard
Samsun
dbr/po 7.11.16, bu 1927
.18-reserve, 12.22-Engels
12.22-Zinoviev
.18-reserve, 12.22-Stalin
13 DF-
 
  
Avtroil 27.12.19-captured by British   1.20-Estonia-Lennuck
Izyaslav 12.22-Karl Marx
14 DF

Kapitan Izlmetev 12.22-Lenin
Gavril 21.10.19-mined in Gulf of Finland
Lt. Ilin  7.19-Garibaldi, 12.22-Trotsky,     2.28-Voikov 
Konstantin 21.10.19-mined in Gulf of Finland
New-

Svoboda 21.10.19-mined in Gulf of Finland
Kap. Miklucha-Makla  26.12.18-captured by British, 12.18-Spartak, 1.19-Estonia-Wambola
Incomplete
Kapitan Kern  10.27-Karl Liebknecht
Kapitan Belli     10.27-Rykov
Pryamyslav 10.27-Kalinin 
Destroyers
4 DF-
General Kondarenko bu 1924
Sibirsky Stryelok 2.26-Konstructor, bu 1957
Porgranichnik bu 1924
5 DF-
 
Amuretz    1918-Oenga, 12.22-Zhelesniakov, bu 1950
Gaidamak 1918-tg ship, bu 1927
Vsadnik 1919 Onega to Volga/Caspian
Ussurietz 1919 Onega to Volga/Caspian
Emir Bukarski 1919 to Volga/Caspian as Yakov Sverdlov
Moskvityanin 1919 to Volga/Caspian
Finn 1919 to Volga/Caspian as Karl Leibknecht
6 DF-
  
Ukraina 1920 to Caspian
Voiskovoi 1920 to Caspian
Turkmenetz Stavropolski 1920 to Caspian
Strashny bu 1924
Steregushchy bu 1924
Donskoi Kazak bu 1924
Zabailkaletz bu 1924
Torpedo Boats
7 DF-
Zhemchuzhv 1920-M/s,     bu 1930
Ing. Mech. Dmitriev 1920-M/s,   2.25-Roshal II, bu 1929
Boevoi p/o 1918, bu 1924
Burny 1918-p/o,   bu 1924
Vnimatelny 1920-M/s,     bu 5.24
Martinov 1920-M/s,      bu 1940
Artemov 1920-M/s,      bu 1947
8 DF-
Iskunsy p/o 1918, bu 1.24
Kryepky 1920-Frontier Guardship, 12.22-Roshal,      bu 12.24
Legky p/o 1918, bu 10.20
Lovky 1920-Frontier Guardship, bu 5.22
Lickoi 1920-Frontier Guardship, bu 5.22
Myetky 1920-Frontier Guardship, bu 5.22
Molodetsky p/o 1918, bu 1923
Moshchenny p/o 1918, bu 11.24
9 DF-

Gromyashchy p/o 1918, bu 1922
Vidny p/o 1918, bu 1922
Sliny p/o 1918, bu 1925
Storozhevioi 1918-to Caspian
Razyashchy p/o 1918, bu 8.22
Rastoropny 1918-to Caspian
Dyelny 1918-to Caspian
Dostoiny 1918-to Caspian
Dyeyatelny 1918-to Caspian
Torpedo Boats/Minesweepers
10 DF-
Prytky 1918-to Caspian
Prochny 1918-to Caspian
Podvizhny 4.18-Finland as S.1, -returned 1922
Posluchny 4.18-Finland as S.3, -returned 1922
Prozorlivy 4.18-Finland as S.2, -lost 1925
Porazhayushchy bu 8.23
Retivy 1918-to Caspian
Ryezny 4.18-Finland as S.5   -1926
Ryany 4.18-Finland as S.4   -1922
Submarines
1 SMF-
Vepr hulked 2.22
Volk 3.23-Batrak
Tur 1.23-Tovarishch
2 SMF-
Tigr 12.22-Kommunar
Pantera 12.22-Kommisar
Rys 12.22-Bolshevik
3 SMF-
Zmeya 1.23-Protelariy
Yaguar 12.22-Krasnoflotets
4 SMF-
AG.11 scuttled at Hango 3.4.18
AG.12 scuttled at Hango 3.4.18
AG.15 scuttled at Hango 3.4.18
AG.16 scuttled at Hango 3.4.18
5 SMF-
Edinorog damaged-lost 25.2.18 on tow from Reval to Hango
6 SMF-
Makrel 1918 to Caspian
Okun 1918-to Caspian
Keta sunk Petrograd 1922
Kasatka 1918-to Caspian
Minoga 11.18 to Caspian
Paid off-
Schuka scuttled at Reval 25.2.18
Beluga scuttled at Reval 25.2.18
Peskar scuttled at Reval 25.2.18
Sterlyad scuttled at Reval 25.2.18
Alligator scuttled at Reval 25.2.18
Draken scuttled at Reval 25.2.18
Kaiman scuttled at Reval 25.2.18
Korkodil scuttled at Reval 25.2.18
Building-
 
Ersch 2.18 towed from Reval to Petrograd,     1.23-Rabochi
Ugor 2.18-towed from Reval to Petrogard, sunk at Petrograd 27.3.20
Forel 2.18-towed from Reval to Petrograd,      bu 5.22
Yaz 2.18-towed from Reval to Petrograd,      bu 5.22
Seaplane carrier [paid off?]
Orlitsa 1919-converted back to merchant ship
 


SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN THE BALTIC FLEET

Ships Scuttled, Transferred to Finland, or Lost Scuttled, Hango 3.4.1918
Submarines-

AG.11
AG.12
AG.15
AG.16

To Finnish forces
Torpedo boats

Podviznhy
Posluchny
Prozorlivy
Ryezny
Ryany
Scuttled, Reval, 25.2.18
Submarines-

Schuka
Beluga
Peskar
Sterlyad
Alligator
Draken
Kaiman
Krokodil

Lost en route from Reval
Edinorog
Losses during civil war

Protected cruiser

Oleg. 17.6.19

Destroyers
Kap. Miklucha-Makla, 26.12.18
Gavril
Konstantin
Svoboda, all three 21.10.19
Avtroil, 27.12.19
Ships Paid off, Transferred to Caspian Sea, or Remained Active Paid off 1918-1919

Battleships

Gangut
Sevastopol
Poltava
Grazhdanin
Respublika

Armoured cruisers
Rossiya
Gromoboi
Admiral Makarov
Bayan
Rurik

Protected cruisers
Aurora
Diana
Bogatyr

Destroyers
Pobeditil
Zabijka
Orfei
Letun
Desna
Samsun
Izyaslav
Gaidamak

Torpedo Boats
Boevoi
Iskunsy
Legky
Molodetsky
Moshchenny
Gromyashchy
Vidny
Sliny
Razyashchy

Submarine

Keta
Transfers to Caspian etc

Destroyers
Amuretz
Vsadnik
Ussurietz
Emir Bukarski
Moskvityanin
Finn
Ukraina
Voskovoi
Turkmenetz Stavropolski

Torpedo boats
Storozhevoi
Rastoropny
Dyelny
Dostoiny
Dyeyatelny

Submarines
Makrel
Okun
Kasatka
Minoga
Active Ships

Battleships

Petropavlovsk
Andrei Pervozvanny

Cruiser
Oleg

Destroyers
Novik
Azard
Gavril
Kap. Izlmetev
Lt. Ilin/Garibaldi
General Kondarenko
Sibirsky-Stryelok
Porgranichnik
Strashny
Steregushchy
Donskoi Kazak
Zabailkaeletz

Submarines
Vepr
Volk
Tur
Tigr
Pantera
Rys
Zmeya
Yaguar

           



RUSSIAN FLEETS AND WARSHIPS 1918-1922
(continued)


8. BLACK SEA FLEET 

The Black Sea Fleet remained relatively intact as an organisation until the spring of 1918. Its disintegration began with the arrival of German forces in the Ukraine intent on enforcing the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty which put the Black Sea Fleet, and its bases, under German control.  The German advance was accompanied by an attempt to create a Ukrainian Navy at Odessa in April 1918, and then at Sevastopol.  This force was under effective German control between May 1918 and November 1918.

Bolshevik attempts to thwart this resulted in the first of a series of scuttlings on 18th June 1918. The German efforts to create some sort of effective naval force out of the Black Sea Fleet ended with the Armistice in November 1918.

When Turkey capitulated, the British and French sent naval forces to secure the Bosphorus from which some ships steamed to Sevastopol to take control of the warships there - now abandoned by the Germans.   The Allies retained control of the ships until their withdrawal in April 1919 when the largely immobilised ships were destroyed to prevent them falling into Bolshevik hands.

During this period, the more effective ships were gradually handed over to the anti-Bolshevik forces - the Whites  - who formally established there fleet in January1919 at Novorossiysk.  The White Fleet moved to Sevastopol in July 1919. It took over all the remaining ships from the Allies in September 1919. In December 1919 a White detachment, built around the damaged battleship 'Rostislav' was established in the Sea of Azov.   As the Bolsheviks gained the upper hand in 1920, the majority of the White fleet left enroute to exile and internment at Bizerte in the French colony of Tunisia.  All the ships were scrapped in succeeding years.

Very few ships came into Soviet hands - and the new Soviet Black Sea Fleet slowly emerged during the 1920's.   

LIST OF SHIPS AND SUBMARINES 1918-1922

Dreadnoughts    
   
 
     
Svobodnaya Rossiya 18.6.18-sunk by Reds at Novorossisk
Volya 10.19-General Alekseyev, 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, 9.19-White, 10.20-Bizerte
Pre-dreadnoughts
   
     
Georgi Pobiedonosets 4.18-Ukrainian, 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied,  9.19-White, 10.20-Bizerte
Sinop    [disarmed] 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, 19.4.19-engines destroyed
Tri Sviatella 4.18-Ukrainian, 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied,  19.4.19-engines destroyed
Rostislav 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, 9.19-White, to Azov-beached as 'floating battery' 16.11.20 
Potemkin-Tavricheski 5.18-Borets za Svobobu, 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, 19.4.19-engines destroyed
Evstafi 4.18-Ukriane, 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, 19.4.19-engines destroyed
Ioann Zlatoust 4.18-Ukraine,    5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, 19.4.19-engines destroyed
Protected Cruisers
 
Pamiat Mercuria 1919-Soviet
Kagul 4.18-Ukraine,  5.18-German, 11.18-Allied,  9.19-White, 10.20-Bizerte
Prut 11.18-returned to Turkey
Large Destroyers

Bezkopoiny  5.18-German,  11.18-Allied, 9.19-White,  10.20-Bizerte
Derzky 5.18-German,   11.18-Allied, 9.19-White,  10.20-Bizerte
Gnevny 5.18-German,  11.18-Allied, 9.19-White,  10.20-Bizerte
Pronzitelny 18.6.18-scuttled by Reds at Novorossisk
Bystry 5.18-German,   11.18-Allied,  6.4.19-scuttled,  Raised -Soviet -Frunze 1927-
Gromky 18.6.18-scuttled by Reds at Novorossisk
Pospeshny 4.18-Ukraine,  5.18-German, 11.18-Allied,  9.19-White, 10.20-Bizerte
Puilky 4.18-Ukraine,    5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, 9.19-White, 10.20-Bizerte
Schastlivy 5.18-German,  11.18-Allied, 9.19-White, wrecked 24.10.19
3 DF-
Fidonisi 18.6.18-sunk by Kerch at Novorossisk
Gadzhibei 18.6.18-sunk by Reds at Novorossisk
Kaliakyria 18.6.18-sunk by Reds at Novorossisk
Kerch 18.6.18-sunk by Reds at Tuapse/Novorossisk
Incomplete
Tserigo completed by Whites, 9.19-White, 10.20-Bizerte
Korfu 1925 completed as Petrovski
Levkas 1925 completed as Shaumyan
Zante 1925 completed as Nezamozhny
Destroyers
Lt. Shestakov 18.6.18-sunk by Reds at Tsemes  Bay
Kap. Lt. Baranov 18.6.18-sunk by Reds at Novorossisk
Kapitan Saken 4.18-Ukraine, 5.18-German, 11.18-Allies, 9.19-White, 10.20-Bizerte
Torpedo Boats
Zavidny 5.18-German,  11.18-    to Soviet,       bu 1923
Zavetny 1.5.18 scuttled at Sevastopol
Zorky 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, 9.19-White,  10.20-Bizerte
Zvonky 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied,  9.19-White, 10.20-Bronte
Zharky 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, 9.19-White,  10.20-Bizerte
Zhivoi 10.18-White/Azov,   lost 16.11.20 to Bizerte
Zhutky 5.18-German,  11.18-    to Soviet,       bu 1922
Strogi Soviet  12.22-Marti, bu 1927
Svirepy Soviet  12..22-Lt. Schmidt, bu 1927
Smetlivy 18.6.18-sunk by Reds at Novorossisk
Stremitelny 18.6.18-sunk by Reds at Novorossisk
Submarines
  
AG.21 5.18-German, 11.18-Allies,  26.4.19-scuttled
AG.22-launched 9.19-White,  10.20-Bizerte
AG.23 c.9.20-Soviet, 1.23-Nezamoshny
AG.24 c.7.21-Soviet, 1.23-Lunarcharski
AG.25 c.5.22-Soviet, 1.23-Marxist
AG.26 c.11.23-Soviet, 1.23-Kamenev
  
       
  
  
 
      
Burvestnik 5.18-German,  11.18-Allied, 9.19-White, 10.20-Bizerte
Gagara 5.18-German,  11.18-Allied, scuttled 26.4.19
Utka 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied,  9.19-White, 10.20-Bizerte
Orlan 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, scuttled 26.4.19
Lebed incomplete, scuttled 26.4.19
Pelikan incomplete,    scuttled 26.4.19
   
       
Kashalot 4,18-Ukraine,  5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, scuttled 26.4.19
Kit 4.18-Ukraine,  5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, scuttled 26.4.19 
Narval 4.18-Ukraine,    5.18-German, 11.18-Allied,  scuttled 26.4.19
Krab 4.18-Ukraine,  5.18-German, 11.18-Allied, scuttled 26.4.19
Nerpa Soviet,  1.23-Politruk
Tyulen 4.18-Ukraine,  5.18-German, 11.18-Allied,  9.19-White  10.20-Bizerte
Paid off-
    
Karas 5.18-German,  11.18-Allied, scuttled 26.4.19
Karp 5.18-German,  11.18-Allied, scuttled 26.4.19
Losos 5.18-German,  11.18-Allied, scuttled 26.4.19
Sudak 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied,  scuttled 26.4.19
Nalim 5.18-German, 11.18-Allied,  scuttled 26.4.19
Skat 5.18-German,  11.18-Allied, scuttled 26.4.19 
Seaplane carriers

      
       
Almaz  9.19-White  10.20-Bizerte
Republikanets 1919-scuttled?
Aviator 1919-scuttled?
Rumyanya 1918-returned to Romania
Regele Carol I 1918-returned to Romania
Dakia 1918-returned to Romania
Imperator Trajan 1918-returned to Romania


SUMMARY OF PROGRESSIVE DISSOLUTION OF BLACK SEA FLEET 1918-1920

Fates
Battleships Protected Cruiser Seaplane carrier Destroyers Submarines
1. Scuttled at Novorossisk by Reds 18.6.18 to avoid handover to Germans at Sevastopol Svobodnaya Rossiya - - Pronzitelny
Gromky
Findonisi
Gadzhbei
Kaliakyria
Kerch   [at Tuapse]
Lt. Shestakov
Kap.Lt. Baranov
Smetlivy
Stremitelny
-
2. Under Ukrainian control 4.18, -German control 5.18, -Allied control 11.18, -and scuttled at Sevastopol 9.4.19 to avoid following into the hands of the Bolsheviks Sinop
Tri Sviatitella
Rostislav *
Borets za Svobobu
Evstafi
Ioann Zlatoust

* later salved and beached at Kerch as a floating battery 9.4.19
- - Bystry **
Zavetny
Zhutky

** later salved and commissioned as Frunze in Soviet Navy 1927
AG.21
Gagara
Lebed
Pelikan
Kashalot
Kit
Narval
Krab
Karas
Karp
Losos
Sudak
Nalim
Skat
3. Under German control 5.18, -Allied control 11.18, -and taken over by Bolsheviks [date?] - Pamyat Mercuria - Zavidny
Strogi
Svirepy
Nerpa
Under German control 5.18, -Allied control 11.18, -to White forces 9.19 and to Bizerte 10.20 Volya/General Alekseyev
Georgi Pobiedonosets
Kagul Almaz Bezkopoiny
Derzky
Gnevny
Pospeshny
Puilky
Schlastivy
Tserigo
Zorky
Zvonky
Zhivoi -lost 16.11.20
Burvestnik
Utka
Tyulen
5. Returned to Rumania 1918 - - Rumyanya
Regele Carol I
Dakia
Imperator Trajan [briefly in German hands 5.18-?]
- -
6. Fate uncertain - - Republikanets
Aviator
- -


           



RUSSIAN FLEETS AND WARSHIPS 1918-1922
(continued)


9. VOLGA/CASPIAN
[Bolshevik naval assets employed against White forces]

    
White forces contested control of the Volga river from August 1918. Then, they  fought for control of the Caspian Sea from spring 1919 until interned by the British at Baku in May 1920.  This force had a few small vessels to face larger Red forces. The evolution of Red naval forces can be seen in the various changes of name given to them:

1917-Military Forces of the Astrakhan Region
10.18-Astrakhan-Caspian Military Flotilla
7.19-  Volga-Caspian Military Flotilla
5.20-Caspian Flotilla

This merged with the Red Fleet of Ajerbaijan in 7.20 to become Naval Forces of the Caspian Sea. 

Destroyers
Vsadnik ex Baltic 1919, 12.22-Sladkov,     bu 1927
Ussurietz ex Baltic 1919, 12.22-Roshal, wrecked 1924/bu 1929
Emir Bukarski ex Baltic 1919, as Yakov Sverdlov,       bu 1925
Moskvityanin ex Baltic 1919, -lost 21.5.19
Finn ex Baltic 1919, as Karl Liebknecht, bu 1925
Ukraina ex Baltic 1919, 6.20-Karl Marx, 8.20-unamed, 12.22-Bakinsay-Rabochi
Voiskovoi ex Baltic 1919, 6.20-F. Engels,  8.20-unamed, 12.22-Markov
Turkmenetz Stavropolski ex Baltic 1919, 6.20-Mirza,  8.20-unamed, 12.22-Altvatov
Torpedo Boats
Storozhevoi ex Baltic 1918, bu 1925
Rastoropny ex Baltic 1918, bu 11.25
Dyelny ex Baltic 1918, bu 8.22
Dostoiny ex Baltic 1918, bu 11.25
Dyeyatelny ex Baltic 1918, bu 11.25
Torpedo Boats/Minesweepers
  
Prytky ex Baltic 1918, bu 8.23
Prochny ex Baltic 1918, bu 8.23
Retivy ex Baltic 1918, bu 1922
Submarines   
Makrel ex Baltic 1918, bu 1922
Okun  ex Baltic 1918, bu 1922
Kasatka ex Baltic 1918, bu 1922
Minoga ex Baltic 11.18, bu 11.25


           



RUSSIAN FLEETS AND WARSHIPS 1918-1922
(continued)

10. ARCTIC
 
Unless stated, ships were under Russian control, then Allied control from August 1918 until withdrawal in February and March 1920. Then the ships came under command of the Naval Forces of the North Sea  which was disbanded in 1.23

Pre-dreadnought
Tchesma 1918-Allied/White?  1920-Soviet, bu 7.24
Protected cruisers  
  
Varyiag refitting in UK-abandoned and hulked at Liverpool,         bu 1921
Askold 8.18 taken over by Royal Navy-renamed Glory IV [laid up in Gareloch], 1921-returned to Soviets, bu Hamburg 1921
Torpedo Boats     
 
Kapitan Yurasovsky 7.18-Allied,  1920-Soviet,  bu 6.24
Lt. Sergeyev 7.18-Allied, 1920-Soviet, bu 6.24
Besstrashny 3.18-Allied,      1920-Soviet,    bu 6.24
Bezhummy .18-White?    3.20- Soviet,           bu 6.24
Vlastny 2.17-refit UK, .18-White,  1920-Soviet, bu 1921
Grozovoi 2.17-refit, UK  .18-White  1920-Soviet     bu 1921
Submarines   
Sviatoi Georgi .18-Soviet,      5.20-Kommunar,    bu 7.29

           



RUSSIAN FLEETS AND WARSHIPS 1918-1922
(continued)

11. FAR EAST/VLADIVOSTOK 
 
White forces took control of the naval base and ships at Vladivostok in July 1918. As Vladivostok was the main base for Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 1919-1922, the few ships here were under control of the British, French, American and Japanese forces. When the White forces abandoned Vladivostok in October 1922, some ships were scuttled to prevent them falling into Soviet hands. The survivors were in such poor condition that the Soviets scrapped them in 1923 rather bring into service in The Naval Forces of the Far East.

Torpedo boats
 
 
  
     
     
 
    
        
        
     
     
        
       
     
Besposhtchadny paid off, bu 5.23
Bodry scuttled 5.23
Boiki paid off, bu 1925
Bravi 9.23-Anisimov,         bu 1925
Grozny paid off, scuttled 5.23
Tverdy 6.22-Lazo,          bu 5.23
Tochny 11.22-Potapenko,         bu 5.23
Trevozhny wrecked 10.22
Lt. Maleev wrecked 10.22
Ing. Mech. Anastasov 1920-Japanese,   scuttled 5.23
Skory bu 5.23
Smely bu 5.23
Serdity bu 5.23
Statny bu 5.23


           



12. ACTIVE SOVIET NAVAL FORCES 1922
[major ships and submarines]

BALTIC FLEET BLACK SEA FLEET
Battleship
Marat

Destroyers
Karl Marks
Lenin
Artem
Engels
Stalin
Uritsky
Volodarski

Submarines [all recommisioned 12.22]
Kommunar
Bolshevik
Kommissar
Krasnoarmeets
Tovarishch
Krasnoflotets
Protelary
No surface ships before 5.23

Submarines  [recommissioned 12.22]
Rabochy
Kommunist
PACIFIC FLEET NORTHERN FLEET
reformed 4.32 reformed 6.33


           



13. SOURCES

Anthony J. Watt: 'The Imperial Russian Navy' Arm & Armour Press, 1990
Rene Greger:  'The Russian Fleet, 1914-1917'  Ian Allan 1972
Siegfried Breyer: 'Soviet Warship Development, Vol 1, 1917-1937', Conway 1992
Przemyslaw Budzon, Russian section in 'Conway's All the World's Warships 1906-1921', Conway 1985
Stephen McLaughlin  'Russian Navy' chapter in 'To Crown the Waves' [ed, by Vincent O'Hara],
US Naval Institute 2013
Paul G. Halpern 'A Naval History of World War I' , US Naval Institute, 1994 
N. B. Pavlovich: The Fleet in the First World War. Volume 1-Operations of the Russian Fleet, Moscow 1964 [translated 1979] 
also articles in Russian Wikipedia.  
 


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