E-Class destroyer ordered on 1st November
1932 from Scotts at Greenock under the 1931 Build Programme. The ship was laid down on 30th March 1933
at the same time as her sister ship HMS ESCORT also built in this shipyard. She
was launched on 30th January 1934 as the first RN ship to carry this name.
Build was completed on 30th August 1934 for a
cost of £249,987, excluding the cost of
equipment such as weapons, ammunition and communications outfits that were supplied by the
Admiralty. She was mainly deployed with the Home Fleet before September 1939,
but did spend several periods on detached service in the Mediterranean between
1935 and March 1939. After a successful WARSHIP WEEK campaign for National
Savings in March 1942 she was adopted by the civil community of
Stretford, Lancashire, now part of
Greater Manchester.
Battle Honours
ATLANTIC 1939 -45 - NORWAY 1940 -
ARCTIC 1941-42 - MALTA CONVOYS 1942 - NORTH AFRICA 1942
Heraldic Data
Badge: On a Field Green a white Horse, saltant
Motto
Celeriter: 'Swiftly'
D e t a i l s o f W a
r S e r v i c e
(for more ship information,
go
to
Naval History Homepage
and type name in Site Search)
1 9 3 9
August
3rd Commissioned with
Reservists ship's company for Royal Review of Reserve Fleet.
15th Attended Review in
Weymouth Bay.
September Remained in commission and
took passage to allocated war station.
Joined 12th
Destroyer Flotilla for convoy defence in Western Approaches.
October Deployed with Flotilla
for convoy defence and ant-submarine patrol in Western Approaches.
November Convoy defence and patrol
in continuation.
5th Carried out
unsuccessful anti-submarine attack.
15th Carried out further
anti-submarine attack without success.
December
5th Rescued survivors
from ss NAVSOTA in position 50.34N 19.16W.
(For details of
submarine activities in 1939 see ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE CLOSELY by
C Barnett,
HITLER'S U-BOAT WAR by C Blair, U-BOAT WAR IN THE ATLANTIC (HMSO)
and the Naval
Staff History.)
1 9 4 0
January Western Approaches
convoy defence and patrol in continuation.
February Redeployed at Scapa Flow for North Sea convoy defence
duties,
24th Escorted Convoy HN14
to Norway with HM Destroyers ESCORT, IMOGEN and INGLEFIELD.
25th After warning of
presence of submarine took part in anti-submarine operations with escort.
U63 was forced to
surface whilst carrying out attack on HN14.
Submarine
scuttled.
24 survivors were
rescued by ships of the escort.
See U-BOATS
DESTROYED by P Kemp.
March North Sea deployment in
continuation.
April
Part of escort
Home Fleet ships covering minelaying operation off Norway. as part of planned
allied
invasion
(Operation WILFRED)
8th After German
invasion deployed for escort of military convoys and support of landing
operations.
20th Carried out search in
Norwegian coastal waters with HM Destroyers JUPITER and FAULKNOR.
May Support of shore
operations and convoy defence in continuation.
(For details of
the disastrous operations in Norway see above references and THE DOOMED
EXPEDITION by J
Adams.)
Deployed for
escort of final evacuation convoys from Norway.
June On release from
convoy escort nominated for service at Gibraltar with Force H.
17th Part of escort for HM
Aircraft Carrier ARK ROYAL during passage to Gibraltar from Scapa Flow.
28th Deployed with HMS
ESCORT at Gibraltar.
(For details of
naval operations in the Mediterranean see THE BATTLE FOR THE
MEDITERRANEAN by
D Macintyre and Naval Staff History.)
July
Gibraltar deployment in
continuation.
(Note: Did not
take part in attack on French Fleet at Mers-el Kebir by ships of Force H)
Nominated for
return to Home Fleet duties.
Passage to rejoin
Home Fleet.
(Note: Intended
to join escort for HMS ARK ROYAL during passage to carry out air attacks on
Bordeaux, but
operation cancelled due to adverse weather conditions.)
August On arrival at Scapa Flow deployed with 3rd Destroyer Flotilla for anti-invasion patrols and
screening of Home
Fleet major units.
21st Escorted ships of
1st Minelaying Squadron with HM Destroyers INGLEFIELD, ECHO and
ECLIPSE during
second lay in Northern Barrage.
(Operation SN2 -
See Naval Staff History (Mining)).
September Nominated for support of
planned landing by Free French forces at Dakar (Operation MENACE).
For details see
RELUCTANT ENEMIES by W Tute and MENACE by A Marder.)
Part of escort
for military convoy during passage.
Deployed with
escort for HM Battleship BARHAM during the operations off West Africa-
October Retained in West Africa after failure of MENACE.
Nominated for
escort of ships taking Free French expedition for landings at Duala, French
Cameroons.
3rd Passage to Duala
with escort.
On release
returned to Freetown for convoy defence duties.
November Nominated for return to
Home Fleet duties and took passage to rejoin 3rd Destroyer Flotilla
at Scapa Flow.
December Deployed with Flotilla at
Scapa Flow for screening of Home Fleet major units and patrol in
NW Approaches.
1 9 4 1
January Deployed with screen for
Home Fleet units providing cover for the transit of Norwegian mercantiles
on passage in
North Sea after escaping from detention in
Sweden (Operation RUBBLE).
February Home Fleet screening
duties in continuation including escort of HM Battleship NELSON during
search in North
Sea for German warships SCHARNHORST and GNEISENAU which was
unsuccessful.
March Transferred to Western
Approaches Command for escort of Atlantic convoys
April Deployed for escort
of Atlantic convoys including HX125.
May Atlantic deployment in
continuation based in Iceland.
Nominated for
refit and took passage to Tyne. Taken in hand at commercial shipyard.
June Under refit. Warning
radar outfit fitted.
9th Carried out post
refit trials and on completion took passage to resume Home Fleet service
with the 4th
Destroyer Flotilla.
July
10th Joined Flotilla at
Scapa Flow.
30th Part of escort for
Home Fleet aircraft carriers during air attack on Petsamo and Kirkenes
(Operation EF)
August
4th Deployed with escort
for HM Battleship PRINCE OF WALES during Atlantic passage to
Argentia, Newfoundland with Prime
Minister Winston Churchill embarked for Atlantic Charter
Meeting.
15th Joined escort for HMS
PRINCE OF WALES during the return passage from Argentia to Iceland.
31st Deployed with HMS
ECLIPSE and HMS INGLEFIELD as part of the screen for HM Aircraft
Carrier
VICTORIOUS, HM Cruisers DEVONSHIRE and SUFFOLK to provide for passage of
HM Aircraft
Carrier ARGUS and HM Cruiser SHROPSHIRE during passage to Archangel
with aircraft and
RAF personnel. (Operation STRENGTH).
(For details of
all Russian Convoy operations see CONVOYS TO RUSSIA by RA Ruegg, ARCTIC
CONVOYS by R
Woodman, THE RUSSIAN CONVOYS by B Schoefield and CONVOY! by P Kemp.)
September Arctic deployment in
continuation.
14th Resumed Flotilla
duties at Scapa Flow on return from STRENGTH.
October
2nd Joined escort for
Russian Convoy PQ1.
10th Detached from PQ1
escort on arrival at Archangel and took independent return passage to Scapa
Flow.
November Deployed with Flotilla for
Home Fleet screening and patrol duties.
December
12th Joined Russian Convoy
PQ6 with HM Cruiser EDINBURGH and HMS ECHO as Ocean Escort for
passage to North
Russia.
18th Detached from PQ6 to
carry out search for HM Minesweeper LEDA.
Rejoined convoy
after locating minesweeper.
(Note: HMS LEDA
had been sent from Murmansk to replace HM Minesweeper SPEEDY which had
been damaged in
action with German destroyers. See references.)
Detached from PQ6
and escorted two Russian mercantiles into
Murmansk
20th Under air attacks
before arrival at Murmansk.
For details see
ARCTIC CONVOYS by R Woodman.
Took passage to
Kola Inlet.
1 9 4 2
January
4th Sailed from Kolas
Inlet with HMS EDINBURGH.
5th Joined return Convoy
QP4 from Archangel with HMS EDINBURGH and HMS ECHO as Ocean Escort
9th Detached from QP4
with Ocean Escort on dispersal after uninterrupted passage.
Encountered
adverse weather conditions on passage to Scapa Flow.
10th Resumed Flotilla
duties on arrival.
February Nominated for refit and
took passage to Humber.
9th Taken in hand at
Immingham commercial shipyard.
March
10th On completion of post
refit trials took passage to rejoin Flotilla for Home Fleet duties at Scapa Flow
20th Deployed with HM
Destroyers ASHANTI, BEDOUIN, ECHO, ESKIMO, FAULKNOR,
FORESIGHT, ICARUS,
INGLEFIELD, LEDBURY, MARNE, MIDDLETON, ONSLOW,
PUNJABI, TARTAR
and WHEATLAND as screen for HM Battleships KING GEORGE V,
DUKE OF YORK, HM Battlecruiser RENOWN, HM Aircraft Carrier VICTORIOUS,
HM Cruisers
NIGERIA and KENT to provide Distant Cover for passage of Russian Convoy
PQ13 and return
Convoy QP9.
April
3rd Resumed Home Fleet
Flotilla duties on release from Distant Cover screen.
Escorted
Norwegian trawler LIND to Methyl.
(Note: This
trawler had escaped from detention in Sweden.)
8th Deployed with HM
Destroyers BELVOIR, BEDOUIN, ESKIMO, FAULKNOR, LEDBURY,
MATCHLESS,
MIDDLETON, OFFA, ONSLOW, SOMALI and WHEATLAND as screen for HMS
KING
GEORGE V, HMS DUKE OF YORK, HMS VICTORIOUS, HM Cruisers KENT and NIGERIA to
provide Distant
Cover for passage
of Russian Convoy PQ14 and return Convoy QP10
26th Deployed with HM
Destroyers BELVOIR, FAULKNOR, HURSLEY, INGLEFIELD, LAMERTON,
MARNE, MARTIN,
MIDDLETON, ORIBI, PUNJABI, US destroyers USS
MADISON, USS
PLUNKETT, USS
WAINWRIGHT and USS WILSON as screen for HMS KING GEORGE V, US
battleship USS
WASHINGTON, HMS VICTORIOUS, HM Cruiser KENYA, US cruisers USS
WICHITA and USS
TUSCALOOSA to provide Distant Cover for passage of Russian Convoy PQ15
and return Convoy
QP11.
May
1st HMS PUNJABI sank
after collision with HMS KING GEORGE V which sustained major damage to
bow structure and
had to be replaced by HM Battleship DUKE OF YORK.
13th Deployed with screen
for Home Fleet major units which were providing cover for return passage of
damaged HM
Cruiser TRINIDAD. See above references.
15th Under air attacks during which HMS TRINIDAD was
sunk.
(For details see
ARCTIC CONVOYS.)
21st Deployed with HMS
INGLEFIELD, HM Norwegian destroyer ST ALBANS, HM Destroyer
BOADICEA, HM
Fleet Minesweeper HARRIER and four trawlers as escort for return Convoy QP12.
Cover was
provided by Home Fleet units.
June Nominated for
detached duty in support of Malta relief convoy (Operation HARPOON)
5th Transferred to 5th
Destroyer Flotilla for HARPOON.
Joined Escort for
military convoy WS19Z with HM Destroyers BADSWORTH, BEDOUIN,
BLANKNEY, ICARUS,
MARNE, MATCHLESS, MIDDLETON, ONSLOW and Polish destroyer
KUJAWIAK for
passage to Gibraltar
12th Part of Force W as
screen for HM Battleship MALAYA, HM Aircraft Carrier EAGLE, HM Cruisers
KENYA, LIVERPOOL
and CHARYBDIS with HM Destroyers ONSLOW, ICARUS, WISHART,
WESTCOTT,
WRESTLER, VIDETTE and ANTELOPE during passage in Western Mediterranean to
the Sicilian
Narrows.
14th Under air attacks.
Detached with
Force W and returned to Gibraltar.
(For details see
THE BATTLE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN by D Macintyre, ENGAGE THE
ENEMY MORE
CLOSELY by C Barnett, Naval Staff History. and MALTA CONVOYS by R
Woodman..)
18th Passage to UK as part
of escort for HM Aircraft Carrier ARGUS.
July Joined HM Destroyers
ASHANTI, BLANKNEY, FAULKNOR, MARNE, MARTIN, MIDDLETON,
ONSLOW, ONSLAUGHT
and WHEATLAND as screen for major units of Home Fleet providing
Distant Cover for
the passage of Russian Convoy PQ17 and returning QP13.
(Note: Major
units deployed included HM Battleship DUKE OF YORK, US Battleship
USS WASHINGTON,
HM Cruisers NIGERIA and CUMBERLAND.)
4th Convoy PQ17 scattered by Admiralty orders in belief
of threat of attack by German battleship
TIRPITZ.
(For details see
THE CONVOY IS TO SCATTER by J Broome and the above references.)
10th Resumed Flotilla
duties with Home Fleet.
20th Taken in hand for
refit by commercial shipyard in Liverpool.
August Under refit.
24th On completion of post
refit trials rejoined Flotilla in Home Fleet.
October Detached for special
duties.
Embarked Free
French General LeClerc for passage to French Cameroons and provided cover
during landings.
Resumed Flotilla
duties with Home Fleet on release.
20th Escorted HM Aircraft Carrier FURIOUS to Gibraltar.
Nominated for
escort of military convoys to Gibraltar in preparation for the planned allied
landings
in North Africa
(Operation TORCH).
November Deployed at Gibraltar.
Escorted military
convoys MKF1 and MKF2 during Atlantic passage to Gibraltar for TORCH
landings.
On release from
TORCH deployed as part of escort for return military convoy MKF1 to Greenock.
19th Detached from MKF1 on
arrival at Greenock and resumed Home Fleet duty.
27th Taken in hand for
repair at Thames commercial shipyard.
December
29th On completion of post
repair trials resumed Flotilla duties in Home Fleet.
1 9 4 3
January Nominated for detached
service with 3rd Escort Group (B3) in Western Approaches for Atlantic
convoy defence.
(For details see
THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC by D Macintyre and U-BOAT WAR IN THE
ATLANTIC (HMSO).)
Joined HM
Destroyer HARVESTER, Polish destroyers ORP GARLAND and BURZA, Free French
Corvettes ACONIT,
ROSELYS, RENONCULE and HM Corvette NARCISSUS in B3 Escort Group
Part of escort
for Convoys ONS157 and return Convoy SC117 with Group.
February Joined Convoy ON167 as
escort with ships of Group.
21st Convoy sighted by
U-Boat of BURFGRAF Group..
22nd Carried out counter
attacks on U-Boats of combined BURGRAF and STURMBOCK Groups.
(Note: Two
mercantiles were sunk by U664 during the attacks.)
March
6th Joined return Convoy
HX228 with HMS HARVESTER, ORP GARLAND, ORP BURZA,
HM Corvettes
NARCISSUS, Free French ACONIT, ROSELYS and RENONCULE as escort
during eastward
Atlantic passage.
7th US Escort Aircraft
Carrier BOGUE and screen of two US Navy destroyers which had escorted
HX228 to meeting
point detached.
(Note: This
proved to be a most unfortunate feature.)
10th HX228 sighted by U336
of NEULAND U-Boat Group.
Under attacks by
NEULAND Group. (For details see THE ECHO OF A FIGHTING FLOWER
by P Coy and
HITLER'S U-BOAT WAR by C Blair.)
11th HMS HARVESTER sunk by
U432 after ramming U444 which was later sunk by FS ACONIT
(See above
references and U-BOATS DESTROYED by P Kemp.)
Embarked
Commander M J Evans, RN as Senior Officer B3 on return to UK.
(Note: Previous
Senior Officer Commander AA Tait, RN had lost his life in HMS HARVESTER.
See references.)
Took part in
exercises with Group before joining westward Convoy ON174 as escort with Group
which included HM
Corvette AZALEA.
April Detached from ON174
on arrival of Local Escort and took passage to St Johns, Newfoundland.
No ships in ON174
were lost.
6th Joined return Convoy
HX232 with Group for escort to UK.
11th Warned of U-Boat
Group concentration for attacks by Admiralty.
12th Under attacks by
LERCHE U-Boat Group.
(Note: See
references. Four mercantiles were lost during passage.)
May Deployed as escort for
Convoy ON181 with ships of Group which arrived without loss.
Relieved as
Senior Officer's ship by HM Destroyer KEPPEL.
19th Escorted return
Convoy HX239 with HMS KEPPEL, HM Frigate TOWY, HM Corvettes
ORCHIS,
NARCISSUS, Free French RENONCULE, ROSELYS and LOBELIA.
(Note: Air cover
for HX239 was provided by HM Escort Aircraft Carrier ARCHER, part of
4th Support
Group. See references.)
Diverted away
from threat of attacks by MOSEL U-Boat Group.
23rd Under threat of
attack by U752 whose radio transmissions had enabled its bearing to be
determined. See
SEEK AND STRIKE by W Hackmann.
(Note: U752 was
attacked by an aircraft from HMS ARCHER and on approach of HMS
KEPPEL scuttled.
See U-BOATS DESTROYED by P Kemp.)
June
3rd Taken in hand for
refit by commercial shipyard at Cardiff.
(Note: HEDGEHOG
Anti-submarine mortar was fitted forward in place of A Gun
mounting. See
SEEK AND STRIKE.)
July Under refit
to
August
September
5th On completion of
post refit trials carried out brief work-up before resuming Atlantic
convoy defence
with Group.
Part of escort
for merged outward Convoys ONS18 and ON20 with HMS KEPPEL,
HMS TOWY, HM
Corvettes ORCHIS, NARCISSUS, French ROSELYS, LOBELIA and
FS RENONCULE of
B3 Group.
(Note: Other
Escorts were HM Destroyers GATINEAU (RCN), ICARUS, HM Frigate
LAGAN, three
corvettes, a Trawler of 2nd Canadian Escort Group and HM
Destroyer ST
CROIX (RCN)
19th Merged convoy sighted
by U270 of LEUTHEN U-Boat Group.
20th Sustained major
structural damage after premature explosion of a mortar bomb during
attacks in
defence of merged convoy.
Casualties
included 16 dead and nine injured.
Withdrawn from
escort and took passage to Clyde.
(Note: Of the 85
mercantiles in the convoy six were sunk for the loss of four warships.
See references.)
25th Passage to Portsmouth
for repair.
27th Taken in hand for
repair by HM Dockyard.
October Under repair and refit
to
December
1 9 4 4
January Under repair and refit.
to (Note: Opportunity to fit the newly developed SQUID Anti-submarine mortar and
November the new design radar Type
277 was taken during the greatly extended refit.
For details see
RADAR AT SEA by D Howse and SEEK AND STRIKE.)
Nominated for
service in 8th Escort Group.
December
30th Refit work completed.
1 9 4 5
January Post refit trials
including first fit of SQUID Mortar.
February On completion of work-up
for operational service joined Group.
Deployed for
convoy defence and anti-submarine operations in UK coastal waters.
(Note: During
this period U-Boats were concentrating attacks on convoy focal points and
coastal shipping.
Atlantic convoys
were re-routed through the English Channel after air attack threat
from French bases
had been removed.)
March Coastal convoy defence
with Group in continuation.
to
April
May Part of escort for
Convoy RN1 taking Norwegian personnel back to
Oslo.
June Joined 1st Training
Flotilla for anti-submarine training duties.
July Training duties with
Flotilla in continuation.
to
August
Post
War Notes
HMS
ESCAPADE remained in service with the Flotilla until 1946 when she Paid off and
was reduced to Reserve
status. On 26th November 1946 she was placed on the Disposal List and sold to
BISCO on 17th May 1947. The
ship arrived at Grangemouth in tow on 3rd August 1947 for demolition by G W
Brunton.
Addendum
CONVOY ESCORT MOVEMENTS of
HMS ESCAPADE
by Don Kindell
This convoy list has not been cross-checked with the text above
|
|
|
|
|
Date convoy sailed
|
Joined convoy as escort
|
Convoy No.
|
Left convoy
|
Date convoy arrived
|
|
|
|
|
|
05/09/39
|
06/09/39
|
RED 1
|
11/09/39
|
27/09/39
|
05/10/39
|
05/10/39
|
BC 007R
|
08/10/39
|
08/10/39
|
12/11/39
|
14/11/39
|
OA 034
|
15/11/39
|
unknown
|
25/11/39
|
25/11/39
|
OB 041
|
27/11/39
|
27/11/39
|
17/11/39
|
29/11/39
|
SL 009F
|
29/11/39
|
29/11/39
|
03/12/39
|
03/12/39
|
OB 046
|
05/12/39
|
07/12/39
|
25/11/39
|
07/12/39
|
SL 010F
|
08/12/39
|
08/12/39
|
21/12/39
|
21/12/39
|
HN 005
|
24/12/39
|
24/12/39
|
29/12/39
|
29/12/39
|
ON 006/1
|
01/01/40
|
01/01/40
|
01/01/40
|
01/01/40
|
HN 006
|
04/01/40
|
04/01/40
|
02/02/40
|
02/02/40
|
MT 002
|
03/02/40
|
03/02/40
|
02/02/40
|
02/02/40
|
MT 003
|
03/02/40
|
03/02/40
|
09/02/40
|
09/02/40
|
ON 011/1
|
12/02/40
|
12/02/40
|
17/02/40
|
17/02/40
|
ON 014/1
|
22/02/40
|
22/02/40
|
22/02/40
|
22/02/40
|
HN 014
|
26/02/40
|
26/02/40
|
28/02/40
|
28/02/40
|
ON 016/1
|
02/03/40
|
02/03/40
|
02/03/40
|
02/03/40
|
HN 016
|
05/03/40
|
05/03/40
|
15/03/40
|
15/03/40
|
ON 020/1
|
18/03/40
|
18/03/40
|
18/03/40
|
18/03/40
|
HN 020
|
22/03/40
|
22/03/40
|
24/03/40
|
24/03/40
|
ON 022/1
|
27/03/40
|
27/03/40
|
27/03/40
|
27/03/40
|
HN 022
|
30/03/40
|
30/03/40
|
31/03/40
|
31/03/40
|
ON 024/1
|
02/04/40
|
04/04/40
|
20/04/41
|
04/05/41
|
HX 122
|
08/05/41
|
08/05/41
|
06/05/41
|
20/05/41
|
HX 125A
|
21/05/41
|
22/05/41
|
12/08/41
|
24/08/41
|
DERVISH
|
30/08/41
|
31/08/41
|
29/09/41
|
01/10/41
|
PQ 001
|
11/10/41
|
11/10/41
|
08/12/41
|
11/12/41
|
PQ 006
|
20/12/41
|
20/12/41
|
26/12/41
|
05/01/42
|
QP 004
|
09/01/42
|
09/01/42
|
10/03/42
|
27/03/42
|
PQ 013
|
28/03/42
|
31/03/42
|
21/03/42
|
27/03/42
|
QP 009
|
28/03/42
|
03/04/42
|
26/03/42
|
12/04/42
|
PQ 014
|
18/04/42
|
19/04/42
|
10/04/42
|
12/04/42
|
QP 010
|
18/04/42
|
21/04/42
|
10/04/42
|
02/05/42
|
PQ 015
|
05/05/42
|
05/05/42
|
28/04/42
|
02/05/42
|
QP 011
|
05/05/42
|
07/05/42
|
21/05/42
|
21/05/42
|
QP 012
|
29/05/42
|
29/05/42
|
12/06/42
|
12/06/42
|
HARPOON
|
16/06/42
|
16/06/42
|
27/06/42
|
29/06/42
|
PQ 017
|
04/07/42
|
04/07/42
|
01/11/42
|
08/11/42
|
KMF 002
|
10/11/42
|
12/11/42
|
12/11/42
|
12/11/42
|
MKF 001X
|
19/11/42
|
19/11/42
|
14/02/43
|
16/02/43
|
ON 167
|
28/02/43
|
08/03/43
|
28/02/43
|
06/03/43
|
HX 228
|
14/03/43
|
15/03/43
|
20/03/43
|
22/03/43
|
ON 174
|
01/04/43
|
08/04/43
|
01/04/43
|
08/04/43
|
HX 232
|
15/04/43
|
16/04/43
|
30/04/43
|
01/05/43
|
ON 181
|
12/05/43
|
18/05/43
|
13/05/43
|
19/05/43
|
HX 239
|
27/05/43
|
28/05/43
|
12/09/43
|
14/09/43
|
ONS 018
|
20/09/43
|
29/09/43
|
15/09/43
|
20/09/43
|
ON 202
|
20/09/43
|
01/10/43
|
07/04/45
|
14/04/45
|
AT 201
|
15/04/45
|
15/04/45
|
17/04/45
|
17/04/45
|
KMF 043
|
23/04/45
|
23/04/45
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Note
on Convoys)