To reflect the two distinct phases of the history of the Russian navy between the start of the First World War and the end of the Russian Civil War, this survey is divided into two components:


In contrast to articles on other navies of the period, much less emphasis is placed on leadership and organisation. There was no opportunity to search out and use Russian language documents such as possible equivalents of 'Navy Lists' or 'Distribution Lists'  The one Russian website which may have had that data seems to have 'vanished' in 2014.

Some problems arose from the different spellings used for the names of warships. I have used what seems to be the most commonly accepted form in each case. Similar confusion can arise from the changes of name which took place in the second period from 1918 to 1922. This was the result of political intervention especially when the Bolsheviks sought to eradicate ship names which had associations with their enemies.    

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At the end of the 19th century, the Imperial Russian Navy was the third largest in the world, after Britain and France.  In 1914, its place in the league table had fallen to fifth, behind Britain, France, Germany and the United States. This change was a direct result of the losses incurred in the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905, and the long time taken to rebuild Russian naval strength. The Imperial Russian Navy was in the middle of its recovery when war broke out in August 1914.  It had to fight the war with the remnants of the old fleet, and the slow dribble of new construction coming out of the shipyards.

The scale of the losses in 1904-1905 can be seen in the following table of major warships for that period.  Losses are indicated * and those captured by Japan **

Types	BALTIC	BLACK SEA	FAR EAST
Battleships	Navarin * Sissoi Veliki * Osliaba ** Borodino * Alexander III * Orel ** Suvorov * Slava [did not go to Far East]	Ekaterina II Tchesma Sinop Pobiedonosonets Apostlov Tri Svititelia Rostislav Potemkin	Petropavlovsk * Poltava ** Sevastopol * Pobieda ** Retvisan ** Tsessarevich [interned China]
Coast Defence Ships	Petr Veliki * Alexander II * Nikolai I ** Oshakov ** Senyavin ** Apraksin**	-	-
Armoured Cruisers	Monomakh* Dmitri Donskoi * Nakhimov * Pamiat Azova [did not go to FE]	-	Rurik * Rossiya Gromoboi* Bayan **
Protected Cruisers	Kornilov [did not go to FE] Svietlana * Diana Aurora Askold Bogatyr Oleg Izumrud * Jemtchug	-	Pallada ** Variag ** Novik ** Boyarin*

The task of rebuilding the fleet began with a re-organisation of the Admiralty in St. Petersburg. The post of General Admiral [always held by a member of the Imperial Family] was abolished.  Two new posts were created - that of Minister of the Navy, and Chief of the Naval General Staff. Both posts were to be held by serving admirals:

   
Planning for the new navy began with decision to build a modern battle fleet in the Baltic, where Germany was now regarded as the principal threat at sea. In turn, a smaller modern battlefleet would be formed in the Black Sea.  The naval requirements for the Far East were downgraded.

Successive programmes of new construction were drawn up, but the achievement of these plans was hindered by the need for financial authority being granted by the Duma [Russian parliament], by the inefficiency of the shipyards, and by the lack of key engineering skills which resulted in orders for engines etc going to Germany!

BALTIC	BLACK SEA	FAR EAST
The 1906 plan sought to provide a fleet strength of:
2 battleships - 2 more added later, 6 cruisers - 4 armoured, 20 torpedo-boat destroyers - with 32 TBD's nearing completion.	6 battleships, 2 cruisers, 19 torpedo boat destroyers.	2 cruisers, 13 torpedo boat destroyers.
By 1908, plans envisaged following additional ships:
4 battleships 3 submarines 1 depot ship	14 destroyers 3 submarines Increased in 1911 to: 3 battleships 9 destroyers, total 23 3 submarines, total 6	No extra ships
The July 1912 programme planned the addition of:
4 battlecruisers 8 light cruisers 36 destroyers 18 submarines, all for completion by 1918-1920.

The following ships either entered service by 1914, were completed 1914-1918, or remained unfinished.  Many of these ships were technologically advanced but entered service too late to much difference to the outcome of the war. Failure on land would destroy Imperial Russia.

Types	BALTIC	BLACK SEA	FAR EAST
Battleships	4 Gangut class	4 Imperatritsa Maria class	-
Battlecruisers	4 Borodino class	-	-
Light cruisers	4	4 light cruisers	2 [building in Germany]
Destroyers	1 Novik type 22 Gavril class 5 Izyaslav class	9 Beskopoiny class 9 Gogland class	-
Submarines	4 Kaiman class 1 Minoga class 1 Akule class 18 Bars class [6 intended for Far East]	1 Krab class 3 Morzh class 3 Narva class 6 Bars class	6 Bars class [diverted to Baltic] (see Baltic Bars-class)

 

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The principal role of the Baltic Fleet was to protect St.Petersburg/Petrograd from attack by the German Navy.  This was to be accomplished by the forward basing of the battle fleet at Helsingfors [Helsinki] and the creation of a mine barrier across the western end of the Gulf of Finland.

Secondary tasks were to protect the southern coast line of the Baltic from German amphibious attack and to support Russian land forces in that struggle.  The Baltic Fleet employed minelayers and submarines [Russian and British] to interdict seaborne traffic along the German coast, and between German and Swedish ports.

Active naval operations were confined to the period from roughly May to October of each year. The ice in the Baltic during each winter confined ships to harbour.





      
The following lists group ships and submarines in their administrative organisations.  Large ships were grouped in brigades and smaller vessels in divisions - in western terms, a brigade was the equivalent of a squadron or division; and the division the equivalent of a flotilla.

From the spring of 1915, the Baltic Fleet was re-organised into several tactical formations, known as 'manoeuvre  groups' , the composition of which varied during the course of the war. Each group was made up of two battleships, one cruiser, and escorting destroyers.  The composition of these groups in 1915, for example, was:

Group 1 Petropavlovsk Gangut Oleg	Group 2 Sevastopol Poltava Rossiya	Group 3 Andrei Pervozvanny Imperator Paul I Bogytar
Group 4 Slava Tsessarevich -no cruiser-	Group 5 Rurik Admiral Makarov Bayan	Group 6 Gromoboi Aurora Diana

In addition to defence of the above groups, many of the newer and larger destroyers were allocated, on demand, to the Mine Division for high-speed minelaying.  Many of the older destroyers and torpedo boats were allocated to local defence and patrol duties - but details are lacking before 1917.
Submarine divisions came under command of the Mine Division in 1915, but reverted to fleet command in 1916.

These tactical groupings and re-groupings were not reflected in the titles of the flag officers who commanded the various brigades and flotillas.


           


The 8th and 9th Torpedo-Boat Divisions were under command of 'Torpedo-boats of the Baltic Sea' along with other patrol forces.

The operation which came nearest to being described as a 'fleet action' took place in October 1917, just as the effectiveness of the Baltic Fleet was being seriously eroded by political turmoil. In 'Operation Albion' the Germans sought to gain control of the northern approaches to the Gulf of Riga.  The occupation of Osel and Moon islands would prevent Russian interference with the conquest of Latvia.  The German fleet consisted of 11 battleships, 9 cruisers, 55 destroyers and 6 submarines. Between 11th and 20th October the Germans achieved their objective.  A considerable part of the Russian Baltic Fleet fought to prevent this outcome. 


The Baltic Fleet's order of battle included:

Battleships Grazhdanin Slava

Cruisers Bayan Admiral Makarov Diana

Large Destroyers Grom Pobedetel Zabijaka Desna Lt. Ilin Samson Kap. Izylmetev Avtroil Gavril Izyaslav Konstantin

Destroyers/Torpedo Boats Kondarenko Pogranichnik Donskoi Kazak Steregushchy Strashni Turkmenetz-Stavropolski Ukraina Voskovoi Zabailkaletz 6 TB's of Div 9 8 TB's of Div 8

 Three Royal Navy submarines [C.26, C.27, C.32] took part in these operations.

The major Russian loss was the old battleship 'Slava' which had to be scuttled on 17th October.

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The main role of the Black Sea Fleet was to prevent the excursion of Turkish [and German] warships from the Bosphorus, from which they could threaten the ports and trade of southern Russia.

In addition, the fleet carried out many operations to disrupt the coal trade along the northern coast of Anatolia: coal was essential to the Turkish economy and war effort - and to the mobility of the Turkish Navy.  In 1915 and 1916, the fleet supported Russian military operations in the Caucasus with a series of amphibious landings.


In a manner similar to that established in the Baltic Fleet, the main units of the Black Sea Fleet were grouped into three 'manouevre groups' in the spring of 1915.  Such groups remained the principal tactical formation until 1918.

The initial groups were:

1st Group Imperatritsa Maria Kagul

2nd Group Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya Pamiat Mercuria Evstafi Ioann Zlatoust Pantelimon

    

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Based at Vladivostok this flotilla played little part in the war effort apart from sending torpedo boats and submarines [largely by rail] to the Black Sea and Baltic.  Those vessels which remained at Vladivostok were obsolete and unseaworthy.

Pre-dreadnoughts	Tchesma ex Japanese 3.16-, to White Sea  1.17- Peresviet ex Japanese 3.16-, lost en route to White Sea, -mined off Port Said 4.1.17
Protected Cruisers	Askold 8.14-in Mediterranean, 10.16-refit in UK Zhemchug 28.10.14-sunk by SMS Emden off Penang Variag ex Japanese 3.16, -to UK for refit 2.17
Torpedo Boats	Besstrashny Bezhummy Lt. Sergeyev  Kap. Yurasovsky   Grozovoi  Vlastny  Besposhtchadny Boiki  Grozny  Bodry Bravi Tverdy Tochny Trevozhny Lt. Maleev Ing.Mech. Anastasov Skory Smyely Serdity Statny  10.17-White Sea 10.17-White Sea .17-White Sea .17-White Sea .16-White Sea .16-White Sea p/o  .16 p/o  .16 p/o  .16 - - - - - - - - - - -
Submarines	Sheremetov Kasatka Schukas Som all to Baltic via Black Sea 1915 Nalim Skat both to Black Sea 1915 Delfin to White Sea 1916

      

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Formation began in February 1916 in order to protect Russian commerce from Archangel from possible attack by German surface ships, submarines and minelayers.  The port of Archangel had become the most important port in Russia for the import of war supplies, raw materials and food.

German minelaying had begun as May 1915, and this created a need to defend the White Sea, and the smaller newly developed facilities in the Kola Inlet.


Most of the warships were found by the transfer of naval forces from Vladivostok during the course of 1916 and 1917.
      

Pre-dreadnoughts	Tchesma ex Far East 1.17-
Protected Cruisers	Askold ex Mediterranean 9.17- Variag ex Far East  1.17-refit UK-abandoned 1918
Torpedo Boats	Grozovoi Vlastny both ex Far East 6.16- Lt. Sergeyev Kap. Yurasovsky both ex Far East 1917- Besstrashny Bezhummy both ex Far East 10.17-
Submarines	Delfin ex Far East 10.16 [by rail] - lost in accident 5.9.17 Svaitoi Georgi Italian built 9.17-

 

           

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As German forces advanced into Estonia in February 1918, and then into Finland in April 1918 to enforce the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, and support local anti-Bolshevik forces, the Baltic Fleet was forced to give up its advanced bases at Reval and Hango, and then withdraw from its main base at Helsingfors.  This involved a long and difficult voyage through the ice to Kronstadt and Petrograd.

The fleet established an Active Squadron at Kronstadt and withdrew the rest of the fleet to Petrograd.  The effectiveness of the fleet was eroded by the dispersal of sailors to fight in the Red armies against the opponents of the Bolsheviks. The lack of manpower and the poor support facilities at Petrograd meant that most ships were paid off.  Many of the smaller vessels were diverted by the rivers and inland waterways to the Volga and Caspian regions where the threat from the White forces was most acute.  From the end of 1918, the pressure on the Baltic Fleet was increased by the arrival of British and French naval forces intent on supporting anti-Bolshevik forces in the emergence of the independent states of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland.  Allied naval forces remained in the Baltic well into 1920.

The final act of the Baltic Fleet was the Kronstadt Revolt 7-17 March 1921 when the Petrograd government  suppressed the uprising by the sailors who until then had been amongst the most loyal supporters of the new regime.


         

Dreadnoughts	Gangut retained for Soviet Navy   6.25-Oktyabrsykaya Revolutsiya Petropavlovsk retained for Soviet Navy  3.21-Marat Poltava 1919-paid off because of damage-retained as hulk  Sevastopol retained for Soviet Navy   3.21-Parizhsaya Kommuna
Pre-dreadnoughts	Grazhdanin 5.17-hulked, 1924-bu Germany Andrei Pervozvanny 18.8.19 damaged by British CMB, Kronstadt  9.20-paid off & bu 1925 Respublika 9.18-laid up at Kronstadt, bu 11.23
Armoured Cruisers	Rossiya Gromoboi Admiral Makarov Bayan Rurik .18-laid up, bu Germany 1922 .18-laid up, bu Bremen 1922   .18-laid up, bu Stettin 1922 .18-laid up, bu Stettin 1922      2.18-hulked, bu 1923
Protected Cruisers	Aurora Diana Bogatyr Orel p/o 18, re-commissioned 1923 p/o 17, bu Bremen 1922 p/o 18, bu Bremen 1922 17.6.19 sunk by British CMB.4 at Kronstadt
Large Destroyers
	Novik Fleet flagship, .18-Yakov Sverdlov
11 DF [ex 1DF]-	Pobeditel Zabijka Orfei .18-reserve, 12.22-Voldarski  .18-reserve, 12.22-Uritsky dbr 9.17 & p/o, bu 1931
12 DF [ex 2DF]-	Letun Desna Azard Samsun dbr/po 7.11.16, bu 1927 .18-reserve, 12.22-Engels 12.22-Zinoviev .18-reserve, 12.22-Stalin
13 DF-	Avtroil 27.12.19-captured by British   1.20-Estonia-Lennuck Izyaslav 12.22-Karl Marx
14 DF	Kapitan Izlmetev 12.22-Lenin Gavril 21.10.19-mined in Gulf of Finland Lt. Ilin  7.19-Garibaldi, 12.22-Trotsky,     2.28-Voikov  Konstantin 21.10.19-mined in Gulf of Finland
New-	Svoboda 21.10.19-mined in Gulf of Finland Kap. Miklucha-Makla  26.12.18-captured by British, 12.18-Spartak, 1.19-Estonia-Wambola
Incomplete	Kapitan Kern  10.27-Karl Liebknecht Kapitan Belli     10.27-Rykov Pryamyslav 10.27-Kalinin
Destroyers
4 DF-	General Kondarenko bu 1924 Sibirsky Stryelok 2.26-Konstructor, bu 1957 Porgranichnik bu 1924
5 DF-	Amuretz    1918-Oenga, 12.22-Zhelesniakov, bu 1950 Gaidamak 1918-tg ship, bu 1927 Vsadnik 1919 Onega to Volga/Caspian Ussurietz 1919 Onega to Volga/Caspian Emir Bukarski 1919 to Volga/Caspian as Yakov Sverdlov Moskvityanin 1919 to Volga/Caspian Finn 1919 to Volga/Caspian as Karl Leibknecht
6 DF-	Ukraina 1920 to Caspian Voiskovoi 1920 to Caspian Turkmenetz Stavropolski 1920 to Caspian Strashny bu 1924 Steregushchy bu 1924 Donskoi Kazak bu 1924 Zabailkaletz bu 1924
Torpedo Boats
7 DF-	Zhemchuzhv 1920-M/s,     bu 1930 Ing. Mech. Dmitriev 1920-M/s,   2.25-Roshal II, bu 1929 Boevoi p/o 1918, bu 1924 Burny 1918-p/o,   bu 1924 Vnimatelny 1920-M/s,     bu 5.24 Martinov 1920-M/s,      bu 1940 Artemov 1920-M/s,      bu 1947
8 DF-	Iskunsy p/o 1918, bu 1.24 Kryepky 1920-Frontier Guardship, 12.22-Roshal,      bu 12.24 Legky p/o 1918, bu 10.20 Lovky 1920-Frontier Guardship, bu 5.22 Lickoi 1920-Frontier Guardship, bu 5.22 Myetky 1920-Frontier Guardship, bu 5.22 Molodetsky p/o 1918, bu 1923 Moshchenny p/o 1918, bu 11.24
9 DF-	Gromyashchy p/o 1918, bu 1922 Vidny p/o 1918, bu 1922 Sliny p/o 1918, bu 1925 Storozhevioi 1918-to Caspian Razyashchy p/o 1918, bu 8.22 Rastoropny 1918-to Caspian Dyelny 1918-to Caspian Dostoiny 1918-to Caspian Dyeyatelny 1918-to Caspian
Torpedo Boats/Minesweepers
10 DF-	Prytky 1918-to Caspian Prochny 1918-to Caspian Podvizhny 4.18-Finland as S.1, -returned 1922 Posluchny 4.18-Finland as S.3, -returned 1922 Prozorlivy 4.18-Finland as S.2, -lost 1925 Porazhayushchy bu 8.23 Retivy 1918-to Caspian Ryezny 4.18-Finland as S.5   -1926 Ryany 4.18-Finland as S.4   -1922
Submarines
1 SMF-	Vepr hulked 2.22 Volk 3.23-Batrak Tur 1.23-Tovarishch
2 SMF-	Tigr 12.22-Kommunar Pantera 12.22-Kommisar Rys 12.22-Bolshevik
3 SMF-	Zmeya 1.23-Protelariy Yaguar 12.22-Krasnoflotets
4 SMF-	AG.11 scuttled at Hango 3.4.18 AG.12 scuttled at Hango 3.4.18 AG.15 scuttled at Hango 3.4.18 AG.16 scuttled at Hango 3.4.18
5 SMF-	Edinorog damaged-lost 25.2.18 on tow from Reval to Hango
6 SMF-	Makrel 1918 to Caspian Okun 1918-to Caspian Keta sunk Petrograd 1922 Kasatka 1918-to Caspian Minoga 11.18 to Caspian
Paid off-	Schuka scuttled at Reval 25.2.18 Beluga scuttled at Reval 25.2.18 Peskar scuttled at Reval 25.2.18 Sterlyad scuttled at Reval 25.2.18 Alligator scuttled at Reval 25.2.18 Draken scuttled at Reval 25.2.18 Kaiman scuttled at Reval 25.2.18 Korkodil scuttled at Reval 25.2.18
Building-	Ersch 2.18 towed from Reval to Petrograd,     1.23-Rabochi Ugor 2.18-towed from Reval to Petrogard, sunk at Petrograd 27.3.20 Forel 2.18-towed from Reval to Petrograd,      bu 5.22 Yaz 2.18-towed from Reval to Petrograd,      bu 5.22
Seaplane carrier [paid off?]	Orlitsa 1919-converted back to merchant ship

 



           

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The Black Sea Fleet remained relatively intact as an organisation until the spring of 1918. Its disintegration began with the arrival of German forces in the Ukraine intent on enforcing the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty which put the Black Sea Fleet, and its bases, under German control.  The German advance was accompanied by an attempt to create a Ukrainian Navy at Odessa in April 1918, and then at Sevastopol.  This force was under effective German control between May 1918 and November 1918.

Bolshevik attempts to thwart this resulted in the first of a series of scuttlings on 18th June 1918. The German efforts to create some sort of effective naval force out of the Black Sea Fleet ended with the Armistice in November 1918.

When Turkey capitulated, the British and French sent naval forces to secure the Bosphorus from which some ships steamed to Sevastopol to take control of the warships there - now abandoned by the Germans.   The Allies retained control of the ships until their withdrawal in April 1919 when the largely immobilised ships were destroyed to prevent them falling into Bolshevik hands.

During this period, the more effective ships were gradually handed over to the anti-Bolshevik forces - the Whites  - who formally established there fleet in January1919 at Novorossiysk.  The White Fleet moved to Sevastopol in July 1919. It took over all the remaining ships from the Allies in September 1919. In December 1919 a White detachment, built around the damaged battleship 'Rostislav' was established in the Sea of Azov.   As the Bolsheviks gained the upper hand in 1920, the majority of the White fleet left enroute to exile and internment at Bizerte in the French colony of Tunisia.  All the ships were scrapped in succeeding years.

Very few ships came into Soviet hands - and the new Soviet Black Sea Fleet slowly emerged during the 1920's.   





           

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White forces contested control of the Volga river from August 1918. Then, they  fought for control of the Caspian Sea from spring 1919 until interned by the British at Baku in May 1920.  This force had a few small vessels to face larger Red forces. The evolution of Red naval forces can be seen in the various changes of name given to them:


This merged with the Red Fleet of Ajerbaijan in 7.20 to become Naval Forces of the Caspian Sea. 

Destroyers	Vsadnik ex Baltic 1919, 12.22-Sladkov,     bu 1927 Ussurietz ex Baltic 1919, 12.22-Roshal, wrecked 1924/bu 1929 Emir Bukarski ex Baltic 1919, as Yakov Sverdlov,       bu 1925 Moskvityanin ex Baltic 1919, -lost 21.5.19 Finn ex Baltic 1919, as Karl Liebknecht, bu 1925 Ukraina ex Baltic 1919, 6.20-Karl Marx, 8.20-unamed, 12.22-Bakinsay-Rabochi Voiskovoi ex Baltic 1919, 6.20-F. Engels,  8.20-unamed, 12.22-Markov Turkmenetz Stavropolski ex Baltic 1919, 6.20-Mirza,  8.20-unamed, 12.22-Altvatov
Torpedo Boats	Storozhevoi ex Baltic 1918, bu 1925 Rastoropny ex Baltic 1918, bu 11.25 Dyelny ex Baltic 1918, bu 8.22 Dostoiny ex Baltic 1918, bu 11.25 Dyeyatelny ex Baltic 1918, bu 11.25
Torpedo Boats/Minesweepers	Prytky ex Baltic 1918, bu 8.23 Prochny ex Baltic 1918, bu 8.23 Retivy ex Baltic 1918, bu 1922
Submarines	Makrel ex Baltic 1918, bu 1922 Okun  ex Baltic 1918, bu 1922 Kasatka ex Baltic 1918, bu 1922 Minoga ex Baltic 11.18, bu 11.25

           

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Unless stated, ships were under Russian control, then Allied control from August 1918 until withdrawal in February and March 1920. Then the ships came under command of the Naval Forces of the North Sea  which was disbanded in 1.23

Pre-dreadnought	Tchesma 1918-Allied/White?  1920-Soviet, bu 7.24
Protected cruisers	Varyiag refitting in UK-abandoned and hulked at Liverpool,         bu 1921 Askold 8.18 taken over by Royal Navy-renamed Glory IV [laid up in Gareloch], 1921-returned to Soviets, bu Hamburg 1921
Torpedo Boats	Kapitan Yurasovsky 7.18-Allied,  1920-Soviet,  bu 6.24 Lt. Sergeyev 7.18-Allied, 1920-Soviet, bu 6.24 Besstrashny 3.18-Allied,      1920-Soviet,    bu 6.24 Bezhummy .18-White?    3.20- Soviet,           bu 6.24 Vlastny 2.17-refit UK, .18-White,  1920-Soviet, bu 1921 Grozovoi 2.17-refit, UK  .18-White  1920-Soviet     bu 1921
Submarines	Sviatoi Georgi .18-Soviet,      5.20-Kommunar,    bu 7.29

           

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White forces took control of the naval base and ships at Vladivostok in July 1918. As Vladivostok was the main base for Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 1919-1922, the few ships here were under control of the British, French, American and Japanese forces. When the White forces abandoned Vladivostok in October 1922, some ships were scuttled to prevent them falling into Soviet hands. The survivors were in such poor condition that the Soviets scrapped them in 1923 rather bring into service in The Naval Forces of the Far East.

Torpedo boats

Besposhtchadny paid off, bu 5.23 Bodry scuttled 5.23 Boiki paid off, bu 1925 Bravi 9.23-Anisimov,         bu 1925 Grozny paid off, scuttled 5.23 Tverdy 6.22-Lazo,          bu 5.23 Tochny 11.22-Potapenko,         bu 5.23 Trevozhny wrecked 10.22 Lt. Maleev wrecked 10.22 Ing. Mech. Anastasov 1920-Japanese,   scuttled 5.23 Skory bu 5.23 Smely bu 5.23 Serdity bu 5.23 Statny bu 5.23

           

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BALTIC FLEET	BLACK SEA FLEET
Battleship Marat Destroyers Karl Marks Lenin Artem Engels Stalin Uritsky Volodarski Submarines [all recommisioned 12.22] Kommunar Bolshevik Kommissar Krasnoarmeets Tovarishch Krasnoflotets Protelary	No surface ships before 5.23 Submarines  [recommissioned 12.22] Rabochy Kommunist
PACIFIC FLEET	NORTHERN FLEET
reformed 4.32	reformed 6.33

           

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