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World War 1 at Sea


THE UNITED STATES NAVY: ITS RISE TO GLOBAL PARITY 1900-1922


by Dr Graham Watson

Links to main World War 1 pages:
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USS Texas, battleship (Photo Ships, click to enlarge)

return to World War 1, 1914-1918



 Introduction


My thanks again to Graham Watson, retired from the History Department of Cardiff University, for this valuable contribution to the United States Navy in World War 1.


You can find his full list of sources below


Gordon Smith, Naval-History.Net




Links to United States Navy in World War 1
include


- Rise to Global Parity, 1900-1922 (here)

- Fleets and Stations, early 1917

- World War 1 and Major Ship Lists in outline

Those Who Served
- Navy, Coast Guard & Marine Corps Casualties
- Medal of Honor, 1915-1918
- Officer Ranks and Enlisted Man's Rates

- Flag Officers, 1914-1918


Organisation and Technology

- Bureau of Yards & Docks, 1917-1918

- Development of Warship Armour


Contemporary Accounts
- Victory at Sea by R. Adm William Sims,
- On the Coast of France: US Naval Forces in French Waters
- US Marine Corps in the World War
- Chronology of US Marine Corps in the World War


- Royal Navy Log Books of the World War 1-era, includes references to USN ships escorting North Atlantic convoys, river gunboat operations in China etc

Contents

7.1 Battle Squadrons & Divisions - Atlantic Fleet
7.2 Cruiser Deployment
7.3 Destroyer Deployment
7.4 Submarines
8.1 The Battle Force
8.2 The Cruiser Force
8.3 Destroyer Force
8.4 Submarine Force
8.5 The Mine Force
8.6 Submarine Chasers
10.1 The Atlantic Fleet
10.2 The Pacific Fleet
10.3 Asiatic Fleet
10.4 European Squadron  
10.5 Special Service Squadron [Caribbean]






1. THE UNITED STATES NAVY: ITS RISE TO GLOBAL PARITY 1900-1922

The United States Navy was one of three navies which emerged as major players on the oceans of the world in the early years of the twentieth century.  Like the navies of Germany and Japan it developed from a largely coast-defence force to challenge the three dominant navies of the nineteenth-century - Great Britain, France and Russia.

This process began with the victory of the United States in the Spanish-American War of 1898 which brought new maritime responsibilities in the Caribbean and Far East.  The need to secure the sea route to the soon to be constructed Panama Canal, and the acquisition of the Philippines in an increasingly unstable western Pacific were the most obvious impulses for the creation of a larger navy.  The enthusiasm for naval might which characterised most powers in this period was enhanced by the unexpected elevation of one of the disciples of Arthur Mahan to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the United States Navy: President Theodore Roosevelt.  Awareness of American economic and industrial might played a significant part in rise of the United States at the beginning of the twentieth-century.

A number of comparisons can be made between American naval developments and those which occurred in the other navies of this period.

1. With its new international responsibilities, there was more justification and understanding of the emergence of the United States Navy. Although not welcomed with open arms,  there does not appear to have been the concern and worry which the emergence of the Imperial  German Navy created.

2. Unlike the French, American policy makers and leaders quickly abandoned previous concepts of a coastal defence navy, and concentrated on the creation of a battle fleet.

3. Like the French the battle fleet lacked balance.  The construction of the fleet produced a substantial force of battleships without a supporting force of cruisers. The Americans followed the French example in the construction of large armoured cruisers which were too slow for fleet work, and too large and expensive for trade protection duties. They did produce an adequate force of sea-going destroyers - like the British - to provide a substantial torpedo striking force

4. The political and professional structure needed to develop and command a large naval force was as weak and diffuse as that of Germany but worked better in practice because of a more consistent focus compared with that of the German Kaiser.

5. The tactical structures of a battle fleet evolved like those of Great Britain with the gradual introduction of fleets, squadrons and flotillas. This process was speeded up in 1915 and 1916 as the Americans absorbed lessons from the war: this included a small naval staff to give focus and leadership along British lines.

6. Surprisingly, in view of its new acquisitions, the American followed the British example, and created a geographically concentrated battle fleet.  This was the Atlantic Fleet. A substantial force was not formed in the Pacific until 1919.

The final step to parity was the enormous naval strength which the United States Navy had by 1919-1920; the result of both the ship-building programmes from 1916 onwards, and the elimination or weakening of rivals whose participation in the Great War was longer and more catastrophic.




2. THE LEADERSHIP OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY





President Woodrow Wilson Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D Roosevelt in 1913, aged 31*

* In World War 2, British First Sea Lord and then Prime Minister Winston Churchill addressed President Roosevelt as "Former Naval Person" because of the latter's World War 1 post. Churchill himself was first appointed First Sea Lord in 1911 at age 37 until resigning in 1915.


Political

The Commander-in-Chief of the United States Navy was the President, and during this period was:

6th March 1897-
14th September 1901-   
6th March 1909-       
6th March 1913-         
6th March 1921-
William B McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
Woodrow Wilson
Warren G Harding


Routine administration was devolved to the Secretary of the Navy:

6th March 1897-
1st May 1902-
1st July 1904-
1st July 1905-
5th December 1907-
1st December 1908-
6th March 1909-
6th March 1913-
6th March 1921-
John D Long
William H. Moody
Paul Morton
Charles Bonaparte
Victor Metcalf
Truman Newberry
George Meyer
Josephus Daniels
Edwin Denby


Amongst the Assistant Secretaries of the Navy were the related Roosevelts:

19th April 1897-10th May 1898- 
17th March 1913-26th August 1920- 
10th March 1921-30th September 1924-
Theodore Roosevelt
Franklin D Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr.

             
Administrative

From 1842, the Navy Department had been divided into several semi-autonomous bureaux.  The task of co-ordinating the work of these bureaux fell to the Secretary and Assistant Secretary. By 1914, they were:

Bureau of Yards and Docks
Bureau of Navigation  [which handled personnel matters]
Bureau of Ordnance
Bureau of Construction and Repair
Bureau of Steam Engineering
Bureau of Supplies and Accounts
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

The heads of each could be a civilian or a naval officer, all of whom were considered as Rear Admirals who were 'additional in grade' and outside the restrictions of age, time in office etc, which applied to flag officers.  

Two further developments took place in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War:

(1) The General Board was created on 14th September 1901 as a forum which could tender advice to the Secretary of the Navy on all matters pertaining to the development of the service. Composed largely of senior flag officers on the verge of retirement, it was chaired by Admiral Dewey until 1917. He was succeeded by Rear Admiral Albert Winterhalter who had been CinC Asiatic Fleet.

(2) On 7th May 1903, the coastline of the United States was divided into a series of Naval Districts. Initially responsible for coast defences, they assumed a wider range of responsibilities from 1911. Most naval district commanders of this period were junior flag officers or captains. Some remained paper organisations, without staff, until 1915.  None can be equated with the Royal Navy's Home Commands, the French Maritime Prefectures, or the German Baltic and North Sea Naval Stations.  

The Naval  Districts were:

1st Naval District
2nd Naval District
3rd Naval District
4th Naval District
5th Naval District
6th Naval District
7th Naval District
8th Naval District
9th-11th Naval Districts
12th Naval District
13th Naval District
14th Naval District
15th Naval District
Boston
Newport RI
New York
Philadelphia
Norfolk
Charleston
Miami
New Orleans
Great Lakes
San Francisco
Seattle
Hawaii - formed 1916
Panama CZ - August 1917

         
Professional and Operational

Until 11th May 1915, there was no equivalent to the Chief of the Naval Staff in the United States Navy. There was a flag officer described as Aide for Operations to the General Board. The post of Chief of Naval Operations was created as a result of knowledge of the role of similar positions in London, Paris and Berlin. 

The status of the post was enhanced when the first occupant, Rear Admiral William Benson [who was the most junior flag officer] was given the acting rank of Admiral for the duration of his term of office [4 years].  He was succeeded by Admiral Robert Coontz on 1st November 1919.  Throughout his term of office, his staff consisted of one captain and one clerk.






3. FLAG OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY.






Admiral William Benson, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Henry Mayo, Atlantic Fleet Admiral William Caperton, Pacific Fleet Admiral Albert Winterhalter, Asiatic Fleet until 1917

The four posts designated for rank of admiral



The only substantive rank of flag officer was that of Rear Admiral.  The singular exception to this was Admiral of the Navy George Dewey who had been given a special life-time rank as a reward for his victory at Manila Bay in 1898.  From 1915, a small number of flag officers were given the acting rank of either Vice Admiral or Admiral while holding certain designated appointments. They reverted to Rear Admiral when relinquishing those appointments.

Four posts were designated for the rank of Admiral:

Chief of Naval Operations
CinC Asiatic Fleet [1915-1917 only]
CinC Atlantic Fleet; and
CinC Pacific Fleet. 

One post was designated as a Vice Admiral's appointment:

Commander Battle Force, Atlantic Fleet.

From 1917 the new post of Commander US Naval Forces Europe was designated as a Vice Admiral and then upgraded to Admiral in December 1918. 

At the same time, the Commander Cruiser Force, Atlantic Fleet and the Commander US Naval Forces France became Vice Admirals.

This system of a single substantive rank, and a few temporary promotions, prevailed until the end of World War Two.  The same system applied in the United States Army.   It was the result of congressional determination to prevent the emergence of an officer class with possible political aspirations. This had been the response to misgivings over the role of President George Washington and Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in the 1790's.

A further method of asserting civilian control was legislation which determined the age limits, length of sea service, and description of the posts to be held by flag officers. All appointments were subject to approval by the United States Senate.  A major consequence of this legislation was the relatively brief spell in office of an individual flag officer, most of whom did not hold more than the one appointment.

As a result the United States Navy had a relatively faster turnover of flag officers than its European counterparts.  When expansion occurred in 1917, the Navy Department had to resort to a series of temporary appointments for the duration of the conflict.

The following table shows the numbers of flag officers available for service between 1914 and 1919. Four categories of flag officer are listed - substantive rank; additional in grade - these are the bureau chiefs; temporary; and temporary additional in grade.

Date Substantive   Temporary Additional in Grade   Temp. Additional
1.1.14
25 0 7 0
1.1.15 26
0
8
0
1.1.16
24 0
6*
0
1.1.17
30 0
9
0
1.1.18
24 10
9
4
1.1.19
25
30
14
2

* plus possibly 3 administrative posts filled by civilians





   
4. PRINCIPAL FLAG OFFICERS AND POSTS 1914-1919
[all Rear Admirals except *** Vice Admiral and ****Admiral]






Admiral William Sims*
US Naval Forces Europe
Admiral Henry B Wilson**
US Naval Forces France
Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman, 6BS, Grand Fleet (US Atlantic Fleet) Rear Admiral Joseph Strauss, Mine Force (US Atlantic Fleet)

Commanders Active in European Waters




Aide of Operations, General Board
11.2.1913-Bradley Fiske

Chief of Naval Operations
11.5.1915-William Benson ****


Bureau or Equivalent Chiefs
(it is not known when the "Bu" abbreviations were introduced or which of them are relevant to this list)

Yards & Docks (BuDocks)
see Bureau of Docks & Yards, 1917-1918
Howard Stanford
   .16-Fred Harris
   .17-Charles Parks
Navigation (BuNav) Victor Blue
    .16-Leigh Palmer
    .18-Victor Blue
Bureau Ordnance (BuOrd) Joseph Strauss
  .16-Ralph Earle
Construction & Repair (BuCon) Richard Watt
   .14-David Taylor
Steam Engineering (BuEng from 1920) Robert Griffin
Supplies & Accounts (BuSandS) Samuel McGowan
Medicine & Surgery (BuMed) Charles Stoke
   .14-William Braisted
Judge Advocate General (JAG) Ridley Maclean
   .17-William Watts
   .18-George Clark
Commandant USMC [created 1918]
George Barnett



Major General George Barnett USMC



Fleet Commanders
[Commanders-in-Chief from 1915]

Atlantic Fleet Pacific Fleet Asiatic Fleet
4.1.13-Charles Badger
0.9.14-Frank Fletcher****
16.6.16-Henry Mayo ****
30.6.19-Henry B. Wilson ****
19.2.14-Thomas Howard
0.9.15-Cameron Winslow****
28.7.16-William Caperton****
1.7.19-Hugh Rodman ****
00.14-Walter Cowles
0.6.15-Albert Winterhalter****
5.17-Austin Knight
12.18-William Rodgers


Atlantic Fleet
8.14-3.19
The posts in existence August 1914 are in the order given in the Register of Commissioned Officers.
Later additions are by date of establishment
 
1st Division

1.13-Frank Beatty
9.14-Henry Mayo

2nd in Command, AF
& Battle  Force 2

9.18-Henry Mayo
6.16-DeWitt Coffman***
9.18-Henry B. Wilson ***
2nd Division, 8.16-6th Division

10.13-Clifford Boush
7.15-Augustus Fechteler
2.18-Thomas Rodgers
3rd Division, 8.16-7th Division

Frank Fletcher
9.14-De Witt Coffman
6.16-Thomas Rodgers
2.18-Robert Coontz
4th Division, 8.16-5th Division

Henry Mayo
9.14-Walter McLean
11.15-Herbert Dunn
    .17-James Glennon
    .18-Edward Eberle
Cruisers

no occupant
11.14-William Caperton
6.16-Harry Knapp
7.18-Albert Gleaves
Reserve Force

William Caperton
6.14-James Helms
9.16-John Hood
Destroyers

11.15-Albert Gleaves
    .18-?not filled
Submarines

Albert Gray
8.17-Samuel Robison-10.18
Auxiliaries/Train

  .15-Charles Pond
8.16-William Rodgers-12.18
8th Division, 10.17-

Clarence Williams
9th Division, 5.17-6BS, Grand Fleet

Hugh Rodman
Mine Force

2.18-Joseph Strauss
Cruiser-Transport Force,  1.7.18-

1 Squadron

Albert Gleaves

2 Squadron
Marbury Johnston

Newport News Squadron
Hilary P Jones
Battle Force 1, 9.18-

1st Division

9.18-Carlo Brittan

2nd Division
7.17-Thomas Snowden

3rd Division
9.18-Thomas Washington

4th Division
8.18-John Hoogewerff



Naval Forces Europe
5.17-

Commander

29.4.17-William Sims
   22.5.17-***
   4.12.18-****
Naval Forces, France

7.17-Henry B Wilson
   4.12.18-***

Patrol Force, Squadron 1
5.17-Edwin Anderson

Patrol Force, Squadron 2
10.17-Albert Niblack

Patrol Force, Squadron 3
9.18-Samuel Robison
Eastern Mediterranean

7.18-William Bullard
Murmansk

9.18-Newton McCully


Reserve Force/2nd Division  Pacific Fleet
[4.17-Patrol Force, Pacific Fleet]

12.13-Robert Doyle
    .15-William Fullam  -1919






5. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED STATES FLEET

The following lists are intended to illustrate the development of the United States Navy's squadrons and stations before 1914.


1890-1899


USS Kearsarge, sloop USS Montgomery,  cruiser USS Indiana, battleship


Stations 1890 1.1.1896 1.1.1899
North Atlantic Station North Atlantic Station
[Rear Admiral Gherardi]

Dolphin [F]
Kearsarge
Galena
Yantic
North Atlantic Station
[Rear Admiral Bunce]

New York [F]
Columbia
Maine
Raleigh
Cincinnati
Amphitrite
Montgomery
North Atlantic Station
[Rear Admiral Sampson]

Battleships
New York [F]
Indiana
Massachusetts
Texas

Cruisers
Brooklyn
Cincinnati
Montgomery
Detroit
Marblehead
Newark
New Orleans

8 gunboats
Other Unassigned
Baltimore
Enterprise
Petrel
- Special Service
Battleships-
Oregon
Iowa
5 gunboats
South Atlantic Station South Atlantic Station
[Rear Admiral Gillis]

Richmond [F]
Tallapoosa
South Atlantic Station
[Rear Admiral Norton]

Newark [F]
Castine
Yantic
-
European Station European Station/Squadron of Evolution
[Rear Admiral Walker]

Chicago [F]
Boston
Atlanta
Yorktown
European Station
[Rear Admiral Selfridge]

San Francisco [F]
Minneapolis
Marblehead
-
Pacific Station Pacific Station
[Rear Admiral Brown]

Charleston [F]
Mohican
Nipsic
Adams
Iroquois
Pacific Station
[Rear Admiral Beardslee]

Philadelphia [F]
Monterey
Marion
Bennington
Alert
Adams
Pacific Station
[Commodore Kautz]

Phildelphia [F]
Badger
Yorktown
Asiatic Station Asiatic Station
[Rear Admiral Belknap]

Omaha [F]
Monocacy
Palos
Sawtara
Alliance
Asiatic Station
[Rear Admiral McNair]

Olympia [F]
Charleston
Boston
Yorktown
Detroit
Concord
Machias
Monocacy
Petrel
Asiatic Station
[Rear Admiral Dewey]

Cruisers
Olympia [F]
Charleston
Boston
Baltimore

7 gunboats
 

Transition Notes

The North Atlantic Squadron became the North Atlantic Fleet 29.12.1902 and then the Atlantic Fleet on 1.1.1906, by which time the concentration of battleships had been completed.

The Asiatic Squadron became the Asiatic Fleet in 1903. It was merged with the Pacific Squadron in 1907 as the Pacific Fleet but became independent again in January 1910.

The Pacific Fleet remained in being after that date.


1904-1911

Click for pre-Dreadnought Battleship Classes, Brief Characteristics, and Class Images

USS Maine, battleship USS Tennessee (later Memphis), armoured cruiser USS Olympia, cruiser


Stations
1.1.1904 1.1.1907  1.1.1911
Atlantic Fleet (was North Atlantic Station)

Atlantic Fleet
[Rear Admiral Barker]

Battleship Squadron

Maine
Alabama
Illinois
Kearsarge
Indiana
Massachusetts
Missouri [to join]
Iowa  [to join]

Cruiser Squadron
Albany
Cincinnati
New Orleans
Raleigh
Atlantic Fleet
[Rear Admiral Evans]

1st Squadron

Division 1
[Rear Ad. Evans]
Maine [FF]
Connecticut
Louisiana
Missouri

Division  2
[R.Ad. Thomas]
Virginia [F]
Georgia
New Jersey
Rhode Island

2nd Squadron
[R. Ad. Davis]

Division 3
[R.Ad. Davis]
Alabama [F]
Illinois
Kentucky

Division 4
[R.Ad. Emory]
Ohio [F]
Indiana

3rd Squadron [R.Ad.]
[cruisers]

Division 5
St. Louis
Tennessee
Washington

Division 6
Cleveland
Denver
Des Moines
Tacoma

4th Squadron
[Gunboats]

Division 7
Dixie
Dubuque
Marietta
Paducah

Division 8
Don Juan de Austria
Prairie
Scorpion
Atlantic Fleet
[Rear Admiral Schroder]

Division 1 [R.Ad. Schroder]
Connecticut [FF]
Delaware
Michigan
North Dakota

Division 2 [R.Ad.Vreeland]
Louisiana [F]
Kansas
New Hampshire
South Carolina

Division 3 [R.Ad. Murdock]
Minnesota [F]
Idaho
Mississippi
Vermont

Division 4 [R.Ad. Howard]
Georgia [F]
Nebraska
Rhiode Island
Virginia

Division 5 [R.Ad. Staunton]
Tennessee [F]
Montana
North Carolina
Washington

Torpedo Flotilla
1 TB Division [4]
1 S/M Division [3]
2 S/M Division [8]
Reserve Torpedo Flotilla,
Charleston [18]

Special Service
Birmingham
Chester
Des Moines
Salem
Tacoma
Olympia [att Annapolis]

Battleships in reserve
Indiana
Iowa
Massachusetts
New Jersey
Wisconsin

& 6 destroyers


Caribbean Squadron Caribbean Squadron
[Rear Admiral Coghlan]

Olympia [F]
Atlanta
Cleveland
-
-
South Atlantic Squadron (was South Atlantic Station) South Atlantic Squadron
[Rear Admiral Lamberton]
      
Detroit
Marblehead
Montgomery
Newark
-
-
European Squadron (was European Station) European Squadron
[Rear Admiral Cotton]

Brooklyn
San Francisco
-
-
Stations (headings repeated)
1.1.1904  1.1.1907  1.1.1911
Transition Notes (repeated from above]: The Asiatic Squadron became the Asiatic Fleet in 1903. It was merged with the Pacific Squadron in 1907 as the Pacific Fleet but became independent again in January 1910. The Pacific Fleet remained in being after that date.
Pacific Squadron, then Fleet (was Pacific Station)

Pacific Squadron
[Rear Admiral Glass]

New York
Pacific Fleet
[Rear Admiral Swinburne]

1st Squadron
Charleston [F]
Chicago
Milwaukee
Yorktown

2nd Squadron
Boston
Princeton
Reserve Torpedo Flotilla [4]
2 submarines
Pacific Fleet
[Rear Admiral Barry]

Division 1
West Virginia [FF]
Colorado
Pennsylvania

Division 2 [R.Ad. Thomas]
California [F]
Maryland
South Dakota

Torpedo Flotilla
1 TB Division [4]
2 TB Division [3]
3 TB Division [5]
1 SM Division [2]
Reserve TB Division, Mare Island [1]
Asiatic Fleet (was Asiatic Station)

Asiatic Fleet
[Rear Admiral R. Evans]

Battleship Squadron
Kentucky
Oregon
Wisconsin


Asiatic Fleet
[Rear Admiral Brownson]

1st Squadron

Division 1
West Virginia [FF]
Colorado
Maryland
Pennsylvania

Division 2
Chattanooga
Cincinnati
Galveston
Raleigh

2nd Squadron
Division 3 - 3 gunboats
Division 4 - 4 gunboats
Division 5 - 2 monitors
Asiatic Fleet
[Rear Admiral J Hubbard]

Division 1
New York [FF]
Albany
New Orleans

Division 2 - 5 gunboats
Division 3 - 5 gunboats
Coast Division 2 monitors

Torpedo Flotilla
1 TB Division  [5]
1 SM Division [4]

Detached
4 destroyers
1 submarine  
Other torpedo craft 13 destroyers in commission
15 destroyers in reserve
8 submarines in service
1st Torpedo Flotilla [5]
2nd Torpedo Flotilla [6]
3rd Torpedo Flotilla [5]
4th Torpedo Flotilla [2]
Reserve Torpedo Flotilla [21]
3 submarines

 






6. 'THE GREAT WHITE FLEET' 1907-1909

Click for pre-Dreadnought Battleship Classes, Brief Characteristics, and Class Images

USS Connecticut USS Virginia USS Kearsarge
Cage masts were a later addition to these three battleships

The most definitive and memorable demonstration of the newly acquired naval power of the United States was the circumnavigation of the globe by the 'Great White Fleet' 1907-1909.  On 16th December 1907 sixteen battleships steamed out of Hampton Roads, sailed south along the east coast of South America, transited the Straits of Magellan; steamed north to San Francisco. After some local visits the fleet crossed the Pacific to the Philippines.  The fleet in whole or in part visited New Zealand, Australia,  and Japan. In December 1908 it left the Far East, crossed the Indian Ocean, transited the Suez Canal, and eventually returned to Hampton Roads on 22nd February 1909. The battleships were painted white - hence the description of the fleet.

The idea of President Theodore Roosevelt had its critics, especially in terms of leaving the Atlantic seaboard open to attack whilst the fleet was absent.  With his sense of the dramatic, the president ignored the critics. The operation raised many issues, and solutions, to the problems of the long distance deployment of a fleet: some solutions had to wait until 1941.

The principal components of the fleet were:

1st Division 2nd Division 3rd Division 4th Division
Connecticut [FF]
Kansas
Vermont
Louisiana*
* 5.08 replaced by Minnesota
Georgia [F]
New Jersey
Rhode Island
Virginia*
* 5.08 replaced by Nebraska
Minnesota [F]*
Maine **
Missouri
Ohio
*5.08  replaced by Louisiana
** 5.08 replaced by Virginia
Alabama[F]*
Illinois
Kearsarge
Kentucky
* 5.08 replaced by
Wisconsin


A torpedo flotilla of 6 ships accompanied the fleet as far as San Francisco. These ships were to remain in the Pacific Fleet until 1917 - they were Hopkins, Stewart, Hull, Truxton, Lawrence, and Whipple.      

The extent to which the naval defences of the United States were denuded can be assessed by a list of the major ships employed elsewhere on 1st January 1909.

Atlantic Fleet Pacific Fleet* In reserve
3rd Squadron

Battleships
Maine
Idaho
Mississippi

Armoured Cruisers
Montana
New Hampshire
North Carolina
Armoured Cruisers

1st Squadron

1st Division
West Virginia [Ff]
Colorado
Maryland
Pennsylvania

2nd Division
Tennessee
California
South Dakota
Washington

2nd Squadron
10 smaller cruisers

* The Pacific Fleet included ships operating in the Philippines. The Asiatic Fleet did not exist at this time.
Battleships
Alabama
Arkansas
Indiana

8 cruisers
                              







7. UNITED STATES NAVY DEPLOYMENTS 1914-1917


7.1 BATTLE SQUADRONS & DIVISIONS - ATLANTIC FLEET 1914-1917

Click for Battleship Classes, Brief Characteristics, and Class Images

1.1.1914 1.1.1915 1.1.1916 1.1.1917
Flagship
Utah [Badger]

1st Division
Florida [Fiske]
Delaware
North Dakota

2nd Division
Vermont [Usher]
Louisiana
New Hampshire
Michigan
South Carolina

3rd Division
Virginia [Winslow]
Georgia
Nebraska
New Jersey
Rhode Island

4th Division
Minnesota [Fletcher]
Connecticut
Idaho
Kansas
Ohio
Flagship
New York [Fletcher]

1st Division
Arkansas [Mayo]
Delaware
North Dakota
Texas
Wyoming

2nd Division
Utah [Boush]
Florida
Michigan
South Carolina
Kansas

3rd Division
Virginia [Cottman]
Georgia
Nebraska
New Jersey
Rhode Island

4th Division
Minnesota [McLean]
Connecticut
Louisiana
New Hampshire
Vermont
Flagship
New York [Mayo]

1st Division
Arkansas
Delaware
[u/c Mayo]

2nd Division
Florida [Fechteler]
Michigan
South Carolina
Utah
Kansas

3rd Division
Virginia [Coffman]
Georgia
Nebraska
New Jersey
Rhode Island

4th Division
Louisiana [Dunn]
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Vermont
Flagship
Pennsylvania [Mayo]

Battle Force
Wyoming [Coffman]

Squadron 3

5th Division
Connecticut [Dunn]
Michigan
South Carolina
Vermont

6th Division
New York [??]
Delaware
Okhlahoma
Texas

Squadron 4

7th Division
Arkansas [Rodgers]
Florida
Utah
North Dakota

8th Division
[Wyoming]
Arizona
Nevada
Reserve Fleet

Alabama
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kearsarge
Kentucky
Maine
Massachusetts
Mississippi
Missouri
Wisconsin
Reserve Fleet

Alabama [F]
Illinois
Missouri
Ohio
Kearsarge
Kentucky
Wisconsin
Reserve Fleet

Alabama [Helm]
Illinois
North Dakota
Missouri
Ohio
Wisconsin
Reserve Force

Squadron 1

1st Division
Alabama
Illinois
Kearsarge
Wisconsin

2nd Division
Kentucky
Maine
Missouri
Ohio

Squadron 2

3rd Division
Rhode Island [F]
Georgia
Nebraska
New Jersey
Virginia

4th Division
Kansas
Louisiana
Minnesota [FF]
New Hampshire 



The eleven armoured cruisers which bore the names of states were renamed over a period of time in order to release their original names for new construction battleships. The renamings follow:

Original Ship Name Name Change and Date
Maine (ACR-1)
New York (ACR-2)
Brooklyn (ACR-3)
Pennsylvania (ACR-4)
West Virginia (ACR-5)
California (ACR-6)
Colorado (ACR-7)
Maryland (ACR-8)
South Dakota (ACR-9)
Tennessee (ACR-10)
Washington (ACR-11)
North Carolina (ACR-12)
Montana (ACR-13)
retained name, as battleship, blew up in Havana, 1898
Saratoga, 16.2.11, then 6.12.17-Rochester
retained name
Pittsburgh, 27.8.12
Huntington, 11.11.16
San Diego, 1.9.1
Pueblo, 9.11.16
Frederick, 9.11.16
Huron, 7.6.20
Memphis, 25.5.16, lost 29.8.16
Seattle, 9.11.16
Charlotte, 7.6.20
Missoula, 7.6.20
             
Stations
1.1.1914 1.1.1915 1.1.1916 1.1.1917
Atlantic Fleet (was North Atlantic Station) Atlantic Fleet
None

Atlantic Reserve Fleet
Birmingham
Chester
Salem

Special Service Squadron
[R.Ad. Knight]
Tennessee [F]
Montana
Cruiser Squadron
[R.Ad. Caperton]

Washington [F]
Montana
North Carolina
Tennessee
Des Moines
San Francisco
Tacoma
Cruiser Squadron
[R.Ad. Caperton]

Washington [F]
Montana
North Carolina
Tennessee
Des Moines

Atlantic Torpedo Flotilla
Birmingham
[R.Ad. Gleaves]

Atlantic Submarine Flotilla-
Columbia
[R.Ad. Grant]
Cruiser Force
[R.Ad. Knapp]

Olympia [F]
Des Moines
Nashville
Tacoma

Destroyer Force
Seattle
Birmingham
Chester
Salem
Submarine Force
Columbia
Mine Force
San Francisco

Reserve Force
Chicago
North Carolina
Pacific Squadron, then Fleet (was Station) Pacific Fleet
[R.Ad. Southerland]

Colorado [F]
California
Maryland
South Dakota

Pacific Reserve Fleet
[R.Ad. Reynolds]

Pittsburgh [F]
West Virginia
Charleston
Chattanooga
Galveston
Raleigh
St Louis
Pacific Fleet
[R.Ad. Howard]

San Diego [F]
Maryland
West Virginia 
Chattanooga
Cleveland
Denver
New Orleans
Raleigh

Pacific Reserve Fleet
Colorado
Pittsburgh
Albany
Charleston
Milwaukee
Pacific Fleet
[R.Ad.Winslow]

San Diego [F]
Chattanooga
Cleveland
Denver
New Orleans
Raleigh

Pacific Reserve Fleet
[R.Ad. Fullam]

South Dakota [F]
Colorado
Maryland
Pittsburgh
West Virginia
Albany
Charleston
Milwaukee
Pacific Fleet
[R.Ad.Caperton]

San Diego [F]
Albany
Chattanooga
Denver
Raleigh

Coast Torpedo Force
Milwaukee
St. Louis

Reserve Force
Pueblo[F]
Frederick
Huntington
Pittsburgh
Saratoga
South Dakota
Cleveland
New Orleans
Asiatic Fleet (was Asiatic Station) Asiatic Fleet
[R.Ad.Nicholson]

Saratoga [F]
Albany
Cincinnati
Asiatic Fleet
[R.Ad. Cowles]

Saratoga [F]
Cincinnati
Galveston
Asiatic Fleet
[R.Ad. Winterhalter]

Brooklyn [F]
Cincinnati
Galveston

Unassigned Unassigned
Chicago
Cleveland
Denver
Des Moines
Marblehead
Montgomery
Nashville
New Orleans
North Carolina
Tacoma
Washington
Unassigned
Brooklyn
Chicago
Marblehead
Montgomery
Olympia
South Dakota
St Louis
Chester
Salem
Unassigned
Saratoga
Chicago
Montgomery
Marblehead
Tacoma
Chester
Salem
Unassigned
Marblehead
Montgomery



7.3 DESTROYER DEPLOYMENT 1914-1917

Click for Destroyer Classes, Brief Characteristics, and Class Images

USS Chauncey, Asiatic Fleet
USS Smith, Atlantic Fleet
USS Tucker, Atlantic Fleet

Stations
1.1.1914 1.1.1915 1.1.1916
1.1.1917
Atlantic Fleet (was North Atlantic Station) Atlantic Fleet Torpedo Flotilla

1st Group
Flusser
Lamson
Preston
Reid
Smith

2nd Group
Roe
Drayton
McCall
Paulding
Terry

3rd Group
Henley
Mayrant [reserve]
Perkins
Sterret
Walke
Warrington

4th Group
Monaghan
Ammen
Burrows
Patterson
Trippe

5th Group
Jenkins
Beale
Fanning
Jarvis
Jouett
Atlantic Fleet Torpedo Flotilla

3rd Division
Warrington
Drayton
Henley
Mayrant
McCall

4th Division
Burrows
Ammen
Patterson
Paulding
Trippe

5th Division
Fanning
Beale
Jarvis
Jenkins
Jouett

6th Division
Cummings
Cassin

7th Division
McDougla
Balch
Benham

Reserve Torpedo Flotilla

1st Division
Flusser
Lamson
Preston
Reid
Smith
Macdougall
Worden

2nd Division
Terry
Monaghan
Perkins
Roe
Sterret
Walke
Atlantic Fleet Torpedo Flotilla

5th Division
O'Brien
Fanning
Jarvis
Jenkins
Patterson
Paulding

6th Division
Wadsworth
Cassin
Cummings
Ericsson
McDougall
Winslow

7th Division
Balch
Aylwin
Benham
Cushing
Nicholson
Parker

Reduced complements

1st Division
Smith
Flusser
Lamson
Preston
Reid

2nd Division
Walke
Monaghan
Perkins
Roe
Sterret
Terry

3rd Division
Drayton
Henley
McCall
Warrington

4th Divison
Jouett
Ammen
Beale
Burrows
Trippe
Atlantic Fleet
Destroyer Force

* reduced crews

Flotilla 1*

Division 1
Smith
Flusser
Lamson
Preston
Reid

Division 2
Walke
Monaghan
Perkins [reserve]
Roe
Sterret
Terry

Flotilla 2*

Division 3
Henley
Mayrant [reserve]
Beale
Patterson
Warrington

Division 4
Jarvis
Ammen
Downes
Burrows
Fanning

Division 5
Jouett
Trippe
Jenkins
Benham
Paulding

Flotilla 3

Division 6
Balch
Aylwin
Parker
Duncan
Drayton
McCall

Division 7
Ericsson
O'Brien
McDougal
Winslow
Cushing
Nicholson

Division 8
Wadsworth
Conyngham
Jacob Jones
Porter
Tucker
Wainwright

Division 9 [forming]
Rowan
Sampson
Davis
Wilkes
Cassin
Cummings
Pacific Squadron, then Fleet (was Station) Pacific Fleet Torpedo Flotilla

1st Group
Whipple
Paul Jones
Preble
Stewart
Truxton

Reserve Group, Mare Island
Lawrence
Farragut
Goldsborough
Hopkins
Hull
Perry
Pacific Fleet Torpedo Flotilla

1st Division
Whipple
Paul Jones
Perry
Preble
Truxton

Reserve Division
Lawrence
Hopkins
Hull
Stewart?




Pacific Fleet Torpedo Flotilla

1st Division
Paul Jones
Perry
Preble
Stewart
Whipple

Reserve Division
Hull
Hopkins
Lawrence
Truxton
Pacific Coast Torpedo Force [reserve]

Division 1
Paul Jones
Perry
Preble
Stewart
Whipple

Division 2
Hull
Hopkins
Lawrence
Truxton
Asiatic Fleet (was Asiatic Station) Asiatic Fleet Torpedo Flotilla

Decatur
Bainbridge
Barry
Chauncey
Dale
Asiatic Fleet Torpedo Flotilla

Decatur
Bainbridge
Barry
Chauncey
Dale
Asiatic Fleet Torpedo Flotilla

Dale
Bainbridge
Barry
Chauncey
Decatur
Asiatic Fleet Torpedo
 Force


Bainbridge
Barry
Chauncey
Dale
Decatur



 
Stations
1.1.1914 1.1.1915 1.1.1916
1.1.1917
Atlantic Fleet (was North Atlantic Station) Atlantic Fleet

Group 1
C.2
C.4
C.5

Group 2
D.1
D.2
D.3
E.1
E.2

Reserve Group
A.1
B.1
Atlantic Fleet

1 Division
C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5

2 Division
D.1
D.2
D.3
E.1
E.2

3 Division
G.1
G.2
G.4

4 Division
K.1
K.2
K.5
K.6
Atlantic Fleet

Destroyers
Macdonough
Worden

1 Division
C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5

2 Division
D.1
D.2
D.3
E.1
E.2

3 Division
G.1
G.2
G.4

4 Division
K.1
K.2
K.5
K.6
Atlantic Fleet

Destroyers
Columbia [F]
Macdonough
Worden

1 Division
C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5

2 Division
D.1
D.2
D.3
E.1

3 Division
G.1
G.2
G.4

4 Division
K.1
K.2
K.5
K.6

5 Division

L.1
L.2
L.3
L.4

6 Division
L.9
L.10
L.11
Pacific Fleet (was Station) Pacific Fleet

F.1
F.2
Pacific Fleet

1 Division

F.1
F.2
F.3
F.4

2 Division
H.1
H.2
H.3

3 Division
K.3
K.4
K.7
K.8
Pacific Fleet

1 Division

F.1
F.2
F.3

2 Division
H.1
H.2
H.3

3 Division
K.1
K.3
K.7
K.8
Pacific Fleet

1 Division

F.1
F.2
F.3

2 Division
H.1
H.2
H.3

3 Division
K.3
K.4
K.7
K.8
Asiatic Fleet (was Station) Asiatic fleet

A.2
A.4
A.6
A.7
Asiatic Fleet

A.1
A.2
A.6
A.7
B.2
B.3
Asiatic Fleet

A.1
A.2
A.3
A.5
A.6
A.7
B.1
B.2
B.3
Asiatic Fleet

A.1
A.2
A.3
A.5
A.6
A.7
B.1
B.2
B.3






8. THE UNITED STATES NAVY AT WAR, APRIL 1917-NOVEMBER 1918


The participation of the United States Navy  began with the dispatch of Destroyer Division 8 to Queenstown in Ireland in May 1917 to reinforce the efforts of the Royal Navy to combat the German submarine offensive. By the Armistice, the United States Navy was heavily involved in several major aspects of the war at sea.

The initial anti-submarine campaign was enlarged to ensure the safe passage of the troops of the American Expeditionary Force to France.  About two million American soldiers crossed the Atlantic with a very high degree of safety  by the end of the war.  This prime task involved the bulk of the Atlantic Fleet which was reinforced by vessels from the Pacific and Asiatic Fleets. By November 1918 much new construction - especially of destroyers - was giving extra strength to the Atlantic Fleet.

The Atlantic Fleet in April 1917 is listed in the second column of the table. Additions from other sources, losses, and total vessels in European waters in November 1918 follow:

Ship types Atlantic Fleet in April 1917 Additions from Pacific Fleet included Additions from the Asiatic Fleet included: New construction included: Losses in Atlantic & European theatres included: Vessels in European waters in November 1918 included:
Dreadnought battleships
14 - - 2 - 9
Pre-dreadnought battleships 18 - - - - -
Armoured cruisers
3 6
- - 1 -
Other cruisers, including protected (pc)
10 6 (pc) 2 (pc) -
-
13
(incl gunboats)
Destroyers
52 10 5 50 2 70
Submarines 23 6 - 29 1
(Pacific)
20


To achieve its principal task, the Atlantic Fleet contributed:

a battle squadron to the British Grand Fleet (GF as 6BS) in November 1917
a battle division at Berehaven in southern Ireland by August 1918
a cruiser-transport force which included 21 cruisers of various types 
a large force of destroyers at Queenstown, totalling 24 ships by October 1918
an even larger force of destroyers at Brest, totalling 32 ships by October 1918
another seven destroyers at Gibraltar by the same date
ten minelayers to lay the Northern Mine Barrage     


The manner in which this was achieved can be seen by looking at the changing composition of the various forces into which the Atlantic Fleet was divided in 1917. These were:

The Battleship Force provided:
battle squadron for the British Grand Fleet
battle division to Ireland

The Cruiser Force
bulk of the ocean escort force for troop convoys

The Destroyer Force
large forces of destroyers at  Queenstown, Brest and Gibraltar for ant-submarine operations and convoy escorts

The Submarine Force
a small number of submarines for anti-submarine operations in Ireland and the Azores

The Mine Force
 provided the ships to lay the North Sea Mine Barrage 

The Reserve Force
training ships to enable the USN to expand its manpower so rapidly
escort and patrol forces in less vital areas such as the Carribbean


Before doing so, the following transfers took place from the Pacific and Asiatic Fleets:

Fleets
Cruisers Destroyers Submarines Remained with Fleet
Pacific Fleet Armoured
South Dakota 4.17-
Huntington 5.17-
Frederick 5.17-
San Diego 8.17-
Pueblo .17-
Saratoga 11.17-

Protected
St. Louis 4.17-
New Orleans 8.17-
Denver 4.17-
Cleveland 5.17-
Chattanooga 7.17-
Marblehead 6.18-
Hopkins 4.17-
Hull 4.17-
Paul Jones 4.17-
Stewart 4.17-
Truxton 4.17-
Lawrence 7.17-
McDonough 7.17-
Preble 7.17-
Whipple 7.17-
Perry 9.17-
H.1 10.17-
H.2 10.17-
K.3  1.18-
K.4  1.18-
K.7  1.18-
K.8  1.18- 
Submarines
F.1
F.2
F.3 -lost 17.12.17
H.3
Asiatic Fleet Galveston 1.18-
Cincinnati 6.18-
[all to Gibraltar 8-10.17]
Bainbridge
Barry
Chauncey
Dale
Decatur
-
Cruisers
Brooklyn
Pittsburgh

9 obsolete submarines



8.1 THE BATTLE FORCE 1917-1918

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USS South Carolina USS Wyoming, 1919 USS New York, Flag

In April 1917, the Battle Force was composed of 14 'single-caliber' all big-gunned battleships.  A further 2 ships, New Mexico and Mississippi  were commissioned during the course of hostilities: they replaced Connecticut and Vermont -  the 2 remaining 'multi-caliber' pre-Dreadnought battleships still assigned in the spring of 1917.

From the following force, a newly formed Battle Division 9 was sent across the Atlantic in November 1917 to join the Grand Fleet. As part of that fleet it was designated 6th Battle Squadron. In August 1918, Battle Division 6 was partly deployed to Berehaven in Ireland to provide extra protection to the trans-Atlantic troop convoys in case of a breakout into the Atlantic by German heavy ships.

Battle Squadron 3 Battle Squadron 4
Battle Division 5 
South Carolina - US waters
Michigan - US waters
Connecticut - replaced by New Mexico
Vermont - replaced by Mississippi

Battle Division 6
New York - to GF
Texas - to GF
Delaware - to GF
North Dakota - US waters
Battle Division 7              
Arkansas - to GF                        
Florida - to GF                           
Utah - to Berehaven                         
Wyoming - to GF

Battle Division 8

Arizona
Nevada - to Berehaven
Oklahoma - to Berehaven
Pennsylvania [FF] - US waters
                   
    
Summary of service 1917-1918

In US waters In European waters
Pennsylvania [Fleet Flagship]
South Carolina [convoy escort]
Michigan [convoy escort]
North Dakota [gunnery tg ship]

New ships
12.17-Mississippi
5.18-  New Mexico
Grand Fleet 11.17-
Delaware - to USA for refit 7.18
Florida
Wyoming
Arkansas
New York
Texas

Berehaven 8.18-
Utah
Nevada
Oklahoma

New ship
11.18-Arizona


The Reserve Force provided a further battle division, composed of pre-dreadnought, multi-caliber battleships. These ships were employed on patrol and escort duties along the eastern seaboard -Virginia, Nebraska, Georgia, New Jersey, and Rhode Island.  They were joined by Vermont in 1918.

All the other old battleships [17 in all] were employed on harbour training duties throughout the conflict.



8.2 THE CRUISER FORCE 1917-1918

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USS Rochester, armoured USS New Orleans, protected USS Birmingham, scout

Prior to April 1917, the cruiser forces in the Atlantic and the Pacific were employed on patrol duties along the coasts of Mexico during the civil war in that country; on patrol tasks in the Caribbean as the Panama Canal became operational; and in showing the flag and generally protecting American interests. Several smaller vessels - described as gunboats were employed on similar tasks.  One cruiser - Des Moines - was stationed in the Mediterranean on such protection duties.

During the war, the cruisers were concentrated under command of the Atlantic Fleet.  The pre-war duties on the Mexican coast continued, as did operations in the Caribbean. These were extended to include surveillance on interned German merchant ships in South American waters.  The most important tasks were to protect seaborne trade along the eastern seaboard from Florida to Nova Scotia; and to provide ocean escorts for the transatlantic troop convoys. In this latter task they operated in conjunction  with the large forces of British and French armoured cruisers.

Cruisers employed in the Atlantic Fleet:

Armoured Cruisers Protected Cruisers Small Cruisers
On station 4.17-
Montana
North Carolina
Seattle

Added-
South Dakota 4.17-
Huntington 5.17-
Pueblo 5.17-
San Diego 8.17-19.7.18
Frederick 8.17-
Rochester 11.17-
On station 4.17-
Olympia 4.18 to N.Russia
Columbia
Minneapolis
Albany

Added-
Raleigh 4.17-
St. Louis 4.17-
Charleston 5.17-
New Orleans 8.17-  
Cincinnati 6.18-
On station 4.17-
Des Moines [ex-Med]
Tacoma
Birmingham to Gibraltar
Chester  to Gibraltar

Added-
Denver  4.17-
Chattanooga 5.17-
Cleveland 5.17-
Galveston 2.18-
Salem 4.18-
Marblehead 6.18-

  
At various times, the command organisation for cruiser operations is described as:

'Cruiser Force, Atlantic Fleet',
'Patrol Force, Atlantic Fleet',
'Cruiser & Transport Force, Atlantic Fleet'. 

It is not certain whether these are simply a change of name for the same force, or whether they were separate and distinct forces.  The concentration of cruisers in the Cruiser-Transport Force in the autumn of 1918 tends to suggest that the former was the case.

The Cruiser & Force 1.7.18:

Squadron 1 Division 1
Seattle [F]
Huntington
Montana
North Carolina
Division 2
Frederick
Pueblo
San Diego- lost 19.7.18
South Dakota
Division 3
Columbia
Minneapolis
Squadron 2 Division 4
Charleston
St. Louis
Rochester
Olympia
Division 5
Cleveland
Denver
Des Moines
Galveston
Division 6
Albany
New Orleans
Charleston
Tacoma




8.3 DESTROYER FORCE 1917-1918

Click for Destroyer Classes, Brief Characteristics, and Class Images

USS Bainbridge USS Truxton USS Wickes

The demands of the war against the German U-boats involved almost all of the US Navy's destroyer force. Its intended role as a torpedo strike force operating with the battle fleet was abandoned in favour of operations in European waters.

In April 1917, a total of 68 destroyers were in commission:  8 served in the Pacific Fleet; 5 in the Asiatic Fleet; and 2 were attached to the Submarine Force.  The  destroyer divisions in the Atlantic Fleet totalled 52 ships.  At this stage, only 6 'prototype' flush-deckers were under construction [one of which Gwin, was not completed  until 1920. Work on the mass construction of the 'flush-deckers' had yet to begin.  Of the 272 completed, only 50 had entered service by the time of the armistice.

The movement of destroyers to European waters began with the arrival of the 6 units of Destroyer Division to Queenstown in April 1917. By August of that year, 35 destroyers had arrived at the Irish base.  During 1918, this total was reduced as ships were moved to Brest to join others which had come directly from the United States.  By August of 1918, there were 33 destroyers at Brest and 24 at Queenstown.   Five destroyers completed the voyage from the Philippines to Gibraltar by August 1917.  Most of the ships from the Pacific were retained for patrol work in the Caribbean.      

By November 1918, the United States Navy has 93 operational destroyers, of which, 70 were in European waters.

Total losses amounted to 2 ships - Chauncey on 19.11.17 [collision] and Jacob Jones on 6.12.17 [enemy action].

Distribution of destroyers in service in April 1917:

Destroyer Classes
US waters/Caribbean/Pacific
To European waters - Gibraltar, Queenstown, Brest, Plymouth
Bainbridge, Hopkins, Lawrence, Paul Jones, Stewart and Truxtun classes, D.1-D.16 [1902-03] Pacific Fleet to Caribbean
Hopkins
Hull
Lawrence
Paul Jones
Perry
Preble
Stewart
Asiatic Fleet to Gibraltar
Bainbridge
Barry
Chauncey - lost 19.11.17
Dale
Decatur
To European waters
Macdonough*
Truxton**
Worden*
Whipple*

* Brest
**Azores then Brest 
-
Smith class [1908-09]
D.17-D.21
- All to Azores 7.17 then Brest 10.17
Smith
Lamson
Preston
Flusser
Reid
-
-
Paulding and Monaghan classes, D.22-D.42, [1908-1910] Retained in USA
Mayrant
Henley
Jouett
Queenstown      
Paulding
Terry
Perkins
Sterret
McCall
Burrows
Trippe
Ammen
Patterson
Fanning
Beale
Jenkins
Queenstown to Brest
Drayton
Warrington
Jarvis
Brest
Roe
Monaghan
Walke
Cassin and O'Brien classes, D.43-D.56 [1912-1915]
- Queenstown
Cassin
Cummings
Downes
Duncan
Balch
Queenstown to Brest
Benham
Nicholson
Winslow
Cushing
Ericsson
O'Brien
McDougall
Queenstown to Plymouth
Parker
Aylwin
Tucker and Sampson classes, D.57-D.68 [1916-1917] - Queenstown
Conyngham
Jacob Jones - lost 6.12.17
Sampson
Rowan
Davis
Allen
Wilkes
Shaw
Queenstown to Brest
Tucker
Porter
Wadsworth
Wainwright

Flush-Deckers completed by 11.18, includes ships from the series D.69-D.145 US waters 11.18
Craven
Woolsey
Evans
Stringham
Colhoun
McKee
Robinson
Ringgold
Taylor
Bell
Champlin
Mugford
Chew [Pacific]
Ludlow [Pacific]
Waters
Dent
Lea
Lamberton
Radford
Montgomery
Breese
Gamble
Boggs [Pacific]
Kilty [Pacific]
Palmer [Pacific]
Queenstown
Caldwell
Manley
Wickes
Philip
Kimberly
Stevens
Brest
Connor
Stockton
Little
Sigourney
Gregory
Dyer
Fairfax
Murray
Rathburne
Talbot

European Waters (1919)
Yarnall
Upshur
Greer
Gibraltar
Stribling
Israel
Luce
Maury
Schley
Dorsey



8.4 SUBMARINE FORCE 1917-1918

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USS B.3 USS E.2 USS L.1

At the beginning of 1917, the United States Navy had 43 submarines in service. All were small boats designed only for harbour and coast defence duties.  They were distributed between the three main fleets:

Atlantic Fleet
Pacific Fleet Asiatic Fleet
Division 1, Panama Canal Zone
C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5

Division2, New York
D.1
D.2
D.3
E.1

Division 3, New York
G.1
G.2
G.4

Division 4, New York
K.1
K.2
K.5
K.6

Division 5, Philadelphia
L.1
L.2
L.3
L.4

Division 6, Boston
L.9
L.10
L.11
Division 1, Mare Island
F.1 - lost 17.12.17
F.2
F.3

Division 2, Mare Island
H.1
H.2
H.3

Division 3, Mare Island

K.3
K.4
K.7
K.8
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.5
A.6
A.7

B.1
B.2
B.3
                                                                              
 
Until 17th November 1911, submarines were given names. On that date, all named submarines were redesignated with a letter/number combination. Submarines built after that date were given letter/number titles rather than names.  

During the course of the war, a further 43 boats were completed: all with limited range and endurance.  Two classes of boats designed for ocean-going  operations were under construction at the time of the armistice. They were the 27 boats of the R class, and the 52 boats of the S class.

As a result of these operational limitations, only a small number of USN submarines participated in the European war.  A division was stationed in the Azores from October 1917, and this was followed by the establishment of a divsion at Berehaven in January 1918. Both flotillas were to engage in anti-submarine patrols. 

The divisions were:

5th Submarine Division, Berehaven 6th Submarine Division, Azores
L.1
L.2
L.3
L.4
L.9
L.10
L.11
* to avoid confusion with the British L class, these boats had A added to their number. eg. L.1 became AL.1
E.1
K.1
K.2
K.5
K.6
L.5
L.6
L.7



8.5 THE MINE FORCE 1917-1918

The principal mine-laying force consisted of two old cruisers - Baltimore, and San Francisco.

In 1918 both ships were deployed to the United Kingdom as part of the US lead project to create a North Sea Mine Barrier which would stretch from  the Shetlands to Norway.  The two former cruisers were joined by eight converted merchant ships.  As a result, the squadron which took the principal role in laying the barrage was:

Black Hawk [tender and flagship of Rear Admiral J. Strauss]
Baltimore
San Francisco
Aroostook
Canandaigua
Canonicus
Housatonic
Quinnebaug
Roanoke
Saranac
Shawmut
tugs - Patapsco, Patuxent


During 1919 the United States Navy employed a substantial force to clear the barrage, including 34 minesweepers, 2 ocean tugs [same as above], 24 submarine chasers, 20 trawlers, and 10 auxiliaries [with Black Hawk as flagship]. The task was completed in November 1919.




8.6 SUBMARINE CHASERS

72 submarine chasers were sent to European waters - 36 to Plymouth, England and 36 to the Straits of Otranto, Adriatic Sea.




       


9. STRENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY, NOVEMBER 1918

Type of warship In service Building Planned Totals
Battleships
Old Battleships
Battle-cruisers

Armoured Cruisers
1st Class Cruisers
2nd Class Cruisers
3rd Class Cruisers

Destroyers
Submarines

Gun-boats
Patrol Vessels

Submarine Chasers
Minesweepers
16
23
0

8
4
4
15

93
79

87
2

300
14
11
0
6

0
0
10
0

238
93

2
98

42
40
2
0
0

0
0
0
0

12
9

0
0

0
0
29
23
6

8
4
14
15

343
181

89
100

342
54
Totals 645 540 23 1208





10. THE TWO OCEAN NAVY 1919-1922

USS Pennsylvania, Dreadnought USS Ringgold, destroyer USS R.14

On 1st July 1919, the hitherto predominant Atlantic Fleet was split into two equal battle fleets - The Atlantic Fleet and The Pacific Fleet.

With the elimination of any threat to American security from Europe, the United States decided to switch its attention to the Pacific where the emergence of Japan as a major naval power had continued with little hindrance during the war years.  The instability in eastern Asia brought about by the revolution and consequent civil war in Russia was an added incentive to meet long-term criticisms of the imbalance in American naval strength brought about by the concentration of the battle fleet on the eastern seaboard.   

In addition, renewed attention was paid to the strength of the Asiatic Fleet.  Until the peace treaties came into effect, the United States Navy retained a major presence in European waters - especially in the eastern Mediterranean.

The establishment of the two fleets was permanent but this was disguised to some extent by organisational changes during the inter-war years.  On 6th December 1922, the two fleets were merged into the United States Fleet.  Of the two main components, the Battle Force was based on the west coast, and the Scouting Force, on the east coast. With some internal changes, this remained the case until 1941.

To illustrate the change which took place in 1919, here is the composition of the United States Navy's forces on 1st July 1920.


10.1 THE ATLANTIC FLEET [Admiral Henry B. Wilson]



Battle Division 3 Battle Division 4 Battle Division 5 Battle Division 7 Cruiser Squadron 1
Connecticut
Louisiana
New Hampshire
Kansas

Division 3 disbanded December 1921
Minnesota
South Carolina
Michigan

Division 4 disbanded December 1921
Utah
Florida
Delaware
North Dakota
Pennsylvania [FF]
Oklahoma
Arizona
Nevada
Frederick
Huntington
Pueblo
St. Louis

Squadron 1 disbanded December 1920


Destroyers


Click for Destroyer Classes, Brief Characteristics, and Class Images

Destroyer Flotilla 3 [Chester (F)]
[in full commission]
Destroyer Squadron 7 Destroyer Squadron 8 Destroyer Squadron 9
Dallas [L]

Division 19
Hopewell
Thomas
Haraden
Abbott
Bagley
Clemson

Division 20
Dahlgren
Goldsborough
Semems
Satterlee
Mason
Graham

Division  21
Abel  P. Upshur
Hunt
Welborn C. Woods
George E. Badger
Branch
Herndon
Herbert [L]

Division 22
Bainbridge
Barney
Blakely
Biddle  -ex Med 7.20
Dupont -ex Med 7.20
Bernadou -ex Med 7.20

Division 23
Hale
Crowninshield
Tillman
Ellis   -ex Med 6.20
Cole  -ex Med 6.20
J. Fred Talbott-ex Med 6.20

Division 24
Belknap
McCook
McCalla
Rodgers
Osmond Ingram
Bancroft
Sharkey [L]

Division 25
Putnam
Toucey
Breck
Isherwood
Case
Lardner

Division 26
Billinbgsley
Worden
Flusser
Dole
Converse
Reid

Division 27
Charles Ausburne
Osborne
Coghlan
Preston
Lamson
Bruce
       

 Destroyer Flotilla 1 [Rochester (F)]
in reduced commission - the whole flotilla was reduced to reserve in June 1922 
 Destroyer Squadron 1 Destroyer Squadron 2 Destroyer Squadron 3
Dickerson [L]

Division 1
Downes
Duncan
Aylwin
Parker
Benham
Balch

Division 2
O'Brien
Nicholson
Winslow
McDougal
Cushing
Ericsson

Division 3
Cassin
Cummings
Tucker
Conyngham
Porter
Wainwright
Leary [L]

Division 4
Shaw
Sampson
Rowan
Davis
Allen
Wilkes

Division 5
Wadsworth
Manley
Craven
Gwin
Connor
Stockton

Division 6
Little
Kimberley
Sigourney
Gregory
Stringham
Caldwell
Schenk [L]

Division 7
Dyer
Colhoun
Stevens
McKee
Robinson
Ringgold

Division 8
McKean
Harding
Gridley
Fairfax
Taylor
Bell

Division 9
Meredith
Bush
Cowell
Maddox
Foote
Kalk



First Line boats
1st Division, Coco Solo, Panama 8th Division, New London 9th Division, Norfolk 12th Division, Portsmouth
O.11
O.12
O.13
O.14
O.15
O.16

R.21
R.22
R.23
R.24
R.25
R.26
R.27
O.1
O.2
O.3
O.4
O.5
O.6
O.7
O.8
O.9
O.10
R.1
R.2
R.3
R.4
R.5
R.6
R.7
R.8
R.9
R.10
S.3
S.4
S.5


Second  Line boats
Most paid off 1921-22.
2nd Division, New London
3rd Division, Key West
5th Division, Hampton Roads
D.1
D.2
D.3

G.3

N.1
N.2
N.3
N.4
N.5
N.6
N.7
K.1
K.2
K.3
K.4
K.5
K.6
K.7
K.8
E.1
E.2

L.1
L.2
L.3
L.4
L.9
L.10
L.11

M.1


 
10.2 THE PACIFIC FLEET [Admiral Hugh Rodman]


Battleships and Cruisers

Battle Division 1 Battle Division 2 Battle Division 6 Battle Division 8 Cruiser Squadron 2
Virginia
Rhode Island
New Jersey

disbanded August 1920
Georgia
Nebraska
Vermont

disbanded July 1920
Wyoming
Arkansas
New York
Texas
New Mexico
Idaho
Mississippi
Tennessee
Seattle
Charlotte
Missoula
Brooklyn
Charleston


Destroyers

Destroyer Flotilla 2 [Salem (F)]
[in full commission]
Destroyer Squadron 10 Destroyer Squadron 11 Destroyer Squadron 12
Gillis [L]

Division 28
Lamb
McLanahan
Edwards
Greene
Ballard  ex-Med 7.20
Shubrick

Division 29
Bailey
Thornton
Morris  ex-Med 7.20
Tingey
Swasey
Meade

Division 30
Sinclair
McCawley
Moody
Henshaw
Meyer
Doyen
Delphy [L]

Division 31
Chauncey
Fuller
Percival
John Francis Burns
Farragut
Somers

Division 32
Stoddert
Reno
Farquhar
Thompson
Kennedy
Paul Hamilton

Division 33
William Jones
Woodbury
S.P. Lee
Nicholas
Young
Zeilin
McDermut [L]

Division 34
Yarborough
La Vallette
Sloat
Wood
Shirk
Kidder

Division 35
Selfridge
Marcus
Mervine
Chase
Robert Smith
Mullany

Division 36
Did not form until May 1921
        

Destroyer Flotilla 4 [Birmingham (F)]
in reduced commission -  whole flotilla reduced to reserve May/June 1922
Destroyer Squadron 4 Destroyer Squadron 5 Destroyer Squadron 6
Wells  [L]

Division 10
Wickes
Philip
Evans
Buchanan
Aaron Ward
Woolsey-lost 26.2.21

Division 11
Elliott
Roper
Rest of division detached to Asiatic Fleet

Division 12
Talbot
Dent
Lea
Rest of division detached to Asiatic Fleet
Aulick [L]

Division 13
Lamberton
Radford
Montgomery
Breese
Gamble
Ramsey

Division 14
Tatnall
Badger
Twiggs
Babbitt
De Long-lost 1.12.21
Jacob Jones

Division 15
Boggs
Kilty
Kennison
Ward
Claxton
Hamilton
Turner [L]

Division 16
Schley
Champlin
Mugford
Chew
Hazelwood
Williams

Division 17
Crane
Palmer
Thatcher
Walker
Crosby
Parrott

Division 18
Mackenzie
Renshaw
O'Bannon
Hogan
Howard
Stansbury


Submarines

First-Line boats
14th Division, Pearl Harbor
Second-Line boats
6th Division, San Pedro
R.11
R.12
R.13
R.14
R.15
R.16
R.17
R.18
R.19
R.20
F.2
F.3

H.2
H.3

L.5
L.6
L.7
L.8

H.4
H.5
H.6
H.7
H.8
H.9

Most were paid off 1921-22



10.3 ASIATIC FLEET [Admiral Albert Gleaves]

Cruiser Destroyer Division 11 Submarine Division 4, Cavite
Huron

Cruisers rated as gunboats
New Orleans
Albany
Lea
Tarbell
Yarnell
Upshur
Greer
Elliott
A.3
A.5
B.1
B.3
 


10.4 EUROPEAN SQUADRON [Rear Admiral Harry Knapp]

Cruisers Destroyer Division 13
Pittsburgh
Olympia  [Flagship, Mediterranean]

Cruisers rated as gunboats
Chattanooga
Galveston
Chandler
Southard
Hovey
Long
Broome
Alden
Smith Thompson
Barker
Tracey
Borie
John D Edwards
Whipple

 
10.5 SPECIAL SERVICE SQUADRON [Caribbean]

Cruisers rated as gunboats
Cleveland
Des Moines
Denver    
Tacoma 



      

SOURCES

For some unknown reason, the United States Navy did not produce an official history of the service's operations in the Great War.  The United States Army, on the other hand, produced an immensely detailed three volume guide - 'Order of Battle of the United States Army in the World War 1917-1918'

Contemporary USN documents used were:

'Register of the Commissioned Officers and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps' which was published annually and was the nearest equivalent to the Royal Navy's 'Navy Lists'. Issued each year, it included full details on the organisation and order of battle of the service - except for 1918 when the relevant section on the order of battle was omitted.

'Ships Data: United States Naval Vessels' was an annual publication which not only provided full technical details of the ships, but also information on status and location.    

These were supplemented by more recent secondary works:

Two volumes by Paul Silvestone:
'US Warships of World War I'
'The New Navy 1883-1922'

To which can be added:
'Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921'

   

return to World War 1, 1914-1918

or to Naval-History.Net


revised 7/11/15